Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacik Fault Zone

Abstract

We investigate the left-lateral slip on the 240-km- long, NE-SW-trending, Malatya-Ovacik fault zone in eastern Turkey. This fault zone splays southwestward from the North Anatolian fault zone near Erzincan, then follows the WSW-trending Ovacik valley between the Munzur and Yilan mountain ranges. It bends back to a SW orientation near Arapkir, from where we trace its main strand SSW beneath the Plio-Quaternary sediment of the Malatya basin. We propose that this fault zone was active during ~5–3 Ma, when it took up 29 km of relative motion between the Turkish and Arabian plates; it ceased to be active when the East Anatolian fault zone formed at ~3 Ma. The geometry of the former Erzincan triple junction, which differs from the modem Karliova triple junction, where the North and East Anatolian fault zones intersect, suggests a possible explanation for why slip on the Malatya- Ovacik fault zone was unable to continue. We interpret the SW- and SSW-trending segments of the Malatya-Ovacik fault zone as transform faults, which define an Euler pole ~1 400 km to the southeast. Its central part along the Ovacik valley, which is ~30° oblique to the adjoining transform faults, is interpreted as the internal fault of a stepover. The adjoining mountain ranges, which now rise up to ~3 300 m, ~2 000 m above the surrounding land surface, are largely the result of the surface uplift which accompanied the components of shortening and thickening of the upper crustal brittle layer that occurred around this stepover while the left-lateral faulting was active. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the southwest continental Iberian Margin

An extensional event affected the southwest Margin of Iberia during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous times, giving place to the Algarve basin. This basin was subjected to tectonic instability and it became infilled with siliciclastic and carbonate sequences with abundant interspersed volcanic rocks. Normal and strike-slip faults accommodated the deformation in the Algarve basin. The presence of a single flat or listric detachment surface is inferred from the study of hanging-wall structures. The dynamic and kinematic analyses of fault systems in the Spanish exposure of the Algarve basin allow us to establish three extensional phases. 1) A Late Triassic to Hettangian NE-SW directed extension associated with the initial breaking of Pangea and the opening of the Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean. 2) NW-SE extension from the Sinemurian to the Callovian, interpreted as a result of the activity as a sinistral fault of the Azores-Gibraltar transform boundary. 3) Finally, E-W extension during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, related to the North Atlantic rifting process.     

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区高压泥质麻粒岩的确定及其地质意义

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区出露一套典型的高压泥质麻粒岩,其峰期特征矿物组合为Grt+ Ky+ Kfs+Qz+Ilm.根据矿物内部一致性热力学数据和Thermocalc3.33程序计算,确定其峰期变质温压条件为T＞850℃和P＞11kbar.结合岩相学研究和P-T视剖面图计算,可识别出该岩石经历了3个阶段的变质演化,构成了一个早期降温降压,后期近等压降温的顺时针型的退变质P-T演化轨迹.该岩石锆石阴极发光图像显示其内部具有明显的核-边结构,核部为残留的原岩碎屑锆石,边部则表现为面状生长的变质锆石的特征.微区原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩石原岩的形成时代上限值约为579Ma,变质年龄为486±5Ma.该麻粒岩与南阿尔金淡水泉地区的高压麻粒岩具有相似变质演化轨迹和一致的峰期变质年龄,亦与南阿尔金其它超高压岩石的峰期变质年龄一致,表明它们都是南阿尔金陆壳深俯冲作用引发的高压-超高压变质事件的产物,它们共同构成南阿尔金高压-超高压变质带.同时代的UHP榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩共存的现象,可以很好地利用“俯冲隧道模型”来解释,即可能是由于陆壳在深俯冲过程中不同深度不同热状态下发生拆离作用后折返引起的.另外,该麻粒岩的原岩形成时代(约为579Ma),可能为新元古代晚期,与南阿尔金高压-超高压岩石的原岩形成时代基本一致或稍晚,因此不应再作为岩石地层单元划归为“长城系”,而应归属为南阿尔金高压-超高压变质岩带的一部分.     

郯庐断裂东侧肥东地块变质属性及年代学研究

肥东地块是郯庐断裂带中段的一个极为重要的变质地块,其变质属性和构造归属的精确标定对探究郯庐断裂的形成与演化极为关键。然而,直至目前对于该地块的区域性的变质岩石学研究极为匮乏,制约了人们对于该断裂的深入理解。为此,本研究对肥东地块进行了较为系统的野外地质调查、区域变质岩石学、岩相学、热力学和年代学的分析。研究显示,肥东地块自西向东主要由单元-I、II和III构成,主要岩石类型为花岗片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩,其间含少量的石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩。P-T条件评价显示,肥东地块的变质高峰期温压条件为610~690℃、0.61~0.81GPa,平均P-T条件分别656±25℃、0.71±0.06GPa,变质峰期属于角闪岩相。锆石U-Pb定年则显示肥东地块的原岩形成年龄为809.2±6.7Ma,表明该地块属于扬子板块。结合前人构造地质学的研究及相关年龄数据,推测肥东地块与宿松变质杂岩应为相当层,它们目前的P-T差异可能是由于郯庐断裂的同俯冲平移错断所致。     

阿尔金南缘塔特勒克布拉克复式花岗质岩体东段片麻状花岗岩的地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

出露于阿尔金构造带南缘北部塔特勒克布拉克复式花岗质岩体东段的片麻状花岗岩, SiO₂为71.88%~73.92%, Al₂O₃为13.39%~14.14%, K₂O+Na₂O为8.18%~8.85%, K₂O/Na₂O=1.54~2.33, A/CNK介于1.02~1.09之间, 属高钾钙碱性系列的弱过铝质岩石。该岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE), 亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE); ∑REE较高且变化范围大(∑REE=98.57×10^-6~579.1×10^-6, 平均338.8×10^-6), 具有明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.22~0.71, 平均0.34), LREE相对富集, 轻重稀土分馏明显。Nb/Ta=11.78~15.83、Zr/Hf=34.94~36.82及Th/U=8.4~12.7, 结合源岩判别图解, 推断其源区物质主要来源于上地壳的变泥砂质沉积岩类。微量元素及稀土元素特征暗示原岩部分熔融残留相的矿物组合可能为石榴石+斜长石+金红石, 全岩Zr饱和温度计计算结果显示部分熔融温度>800℃, 推断该岩石形成于麻粒岩相条件下云母和角闪石脱水诱发的部分熔融。该岩石LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb原位定年结果为: 761±54Ma(上交点年龄), 451±1.7Ma(核部)和411.3±1.8Ma(边部), 锆石核部Th/U平均为0.64, 边部Th/U平均为0.05。结合区内超高压榴辉岩的原岩形成时代、峰期变质与退变质时代分别为约750Ma、500Ma与450Ma的研究资料(Liu et al., 2012)综合分析, 塔特勒克布拉克片麻状花岗岩的原岩时代为782.3±6.9Ma, 可能与罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解事件有关; 花岗岩结晶年龄为451±1.7Ma, 形成于俯冲碰撞造山后抬升阶段, 对应于区内深俯冲陆壳的折返时代, 此时超高压变质岩石发生了麻粒岩相的退变质作用, 随后411.3±1.8Ma又受到另一期地质事件的改造。     

A numerical approach for modeling near-fault ground motion and its application in the 1994 Northridge earthquake

An approach for simulating near-fault ground motion was presented by combining the finite fault model with a numerical algorithm, named investigated lump method presented in this paper for wave propagation. The investigated lumps are constructed from the auxiliary quadrilateral grids. The dynamic equilibrium equations of a typical investigated lump have been derived and obtained by integrating the stresses along the contour of the investigated lump. The stresses are calculated using the constitutive relations and the interpolation techniques. The investigated lump method is then implemented using the equilibrium equations of investigated lumps and the calculations of stresses alternately in time domain. The stability criterion of the algorithm has been given. Comparisons with the discrete wave-number method solutions for predicting the ground motions at the Pacoima Dam during the San Fernando earthquake show the validity of the method presented in this paper for simulating near-field ground motions. A finite fault source model has been implemented in the algorithm here. The source parameters given by Wald et al. (1996) [18] are applied to synthesize the ground motions at three stations during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The simulating results qualitatively match to the corresponding ground motion records. The studies demonstrated that the approach presented in this paper is an effective tool for the numerical simulation of near-fault ground motion.     

东昆仑活动带断裂库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.     

郯庐断裂带赤山段中晚更新世之交的史前地震遗迹

Chishan is located in Sixian County of Anhui Province, and the west branch fault of Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone passes through here. According to previous research, the Chishan segment of Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone has been obviously active since the Quaternary. Trenches excavated perpendicular to the Chishan segment for this study have revealed many prehistoric earthquake ruins-the multi-phase reverse faulting colluvial wedge, which is represented as the western brick-red sandstone of the late Cretaceous or maize gravel stratum of the mid Pleistocene of the hanging wall of the fault overlapping eastward the mid-late Pleistocene brown clay. In the base of the wedges, steep NW-dipping faults were found, and the steep fault planes turned upward to gently dipping collapse planes. As revealed by the trenches, the connection line of the breaking points strikes NNE in general. Heaving landforms are preserved at most parts of the tailing edge of the hanging wall where the fault passes through, and some EW-trending gullies were offset by right-lateral faulting. The two walls of several trenches have consistently shown that the collapse of traces have been pushed by a west-to-east force. Among them, Tc1~Tc4 show that the brick red limestone(K2)overthrust and collapsed on the yellow-brown clay containing ferro-manganese nodules (Q2-3P); Tc5 reveals that the yellowish-white gravel (Q2P) and the sandstone (K2) and overthrust and collapsed on the aforementioned clay. Reverse faulting colluvial wedges are found on both walls of each of the 8 trenches, but the number of wedges revealed in different trenches is different: there is 1 wedge, and 2 wedges in Tc1 and Tc3. 3 wedges in Tc2, Tc4 and Tc5, and in individual trenches, few wedges are revealed. This may be related to the trench’s location, depth and height of the remaining denudation. From the analysis of the trenches and the thermoluminescence dating results, we can preliminarily conclude that multiple large-scale reverse faulting stick events have taken place on the Chishan segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone during the mid-late Pleistocene, that is to say, many pre-historic strong earthquakes have occurred.     

郯庐断裂（沈阳—渤海段）地震复发周期与危险性研究

从郯庐断裂（沈阳-渤海段）地质构造和地球物理场特征出发,借助历史中强震复发周期和地震时空分布特征,对该区强震的危险性做了初步分析。结果表明该区6级和7级地震复发周期分别为18年和95年。目前郯庐断裂沈阳-渤海段接近6．5级地震的复发时段,值得注意地区为NNE向郯庐断裂与NW（或NNW）向断裂的交汇部位以及4级地震活动集中区附近。     

郑州市断裂最大潜在地震发震概率评价

根据“郑州市城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价(二期)”综合目标区断层最大潜在地震判定结果,郑州市近东西向断裂有老鸦陈断裂和上街断裂等.老鸦陈断裂第四纪不活动,上街断裂等可能具有发生5-5.5级地震的能力.为了得到最大地震的发震概率,划分了统计区及潜在震源区,得到了地震活动性参数及空间分布函数.最终得出了郑州市断裂未来50年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为6％,未来100年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为11％.