我国城市地质工作主要进展与未来发展

本文从我国近30年来在城市地质工作中取得主要成果分析入手,论述了城市地质工作在理论研究、数据采集、方法创新、分析应用、效益成果展示、表达方法创新上的主要进展,并根据我国城市化发展规划,结合区域地质背景条件,指出不同区域城市群、不同环境特点、不同城市发展阶段城市地质工作的主要内容,提出了城市地质工作体系,最后对我国城市地质工作未来发展方向进行了探讨。     

川藏公路地质环境与整治改建方案的思考

川藏公路由于地质环境复杂、建设标准低、后遗病害多,抗灾能力差,泥石流、滑坡、山崩、雪害、水毁等自然灾害频繁发生,公路阻车断道严重。国家投入巨资进行整治改建,并取得了明显的效果,但由于自然环境特殊、影响因素复杂,许多特大型、大型工程地质病害问题还没有可行、可靠的解决方案。本文通过分析川藏公路沿线的地质环境和灾害特点,总结历年整治改建和经验的教训,提出川藏公路建设的途径、可能达到的目标和应采用的原则。     

从地质特征分析成都主城区在地震中的安合性

汶川MS 8.0大地震发生后,关于成都市主城区安全性的讨论一度十分激烈。本文从成都市及周边的基本地质构造和沉积特征入手,讨论成都市主城区在地震中的安全性问题。经过分析认为：川西坳陷刚性稳定的岩石圈结构决定了成都平原不会发生破坏性的大地震; 成都平原沉积盖层厚度大、质量佳、分布适宜决定了龙门山发生的地震不会对成都主城区造成巨大破坏。因此,面对天然地震,成都市主城区是安全的。     

夏坡——辉曲膨润土矿地质特征及开发利用

夏坡－辉曲膨润土矿是以蒙脱石粘土矿物为主，矿石分砂质膨润土和膨润土两种类型的沉积成因矿床。矿石已用于油田钻井泥浆原料、炼铁团球粘结剂、陶瓷原料和综合利用石英砂原料。     

矿床学研究的历史观

矿床是地球历史演化的产物,每一个矿床都有其特殊的形成史和变化保存史.矿床学的基本内容应是矿床成因和矿床变化保存两个方面.以历史演化的观点查明矿床形成-变化-保存全过程,有利于矿床学理论水平的提高,也是矿产勘查工作的需要.提出历史观开展矿床学研究的三个层次:①单个矿床形成变化与保存;②区域成矿演化;③全球成矿演化.单个矿...     

玉树断裂活动性研究

通过实地考察和室内工作，对玉树断裂的活动性进行了分段研究。该断裂划分为３段：（１）西北段全新世以来活动强烈，以水平左旋活动为主，水平滑动速率达７．３ｍｍ／ａ，沿断裂带展布大量的古地震事件遗迹；（２）中段第四纪以来的主体活动时段在晚更新世以前，以正断层活动为主；（３）东南段全新世以来活动强烈，以水平左旋活动为主，水平滑动速率约５ｍｍ／ａ，沿断裂带分布有大量的古地震事件遗迹，历史上记载的最大地震为１８９６年的邓柯７．０级地震     

HiRISE observations of gas sublimation-driven activity in Mars’ southern polar regions: II. Surficial deposits and their origins

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has been used to monitor the seasonal evolution of several regions at high southern latitudes and, in particular, the jet-like activity which may result from the process described by Kieffer (JGR, 112, E08005, doi:10.1029/2006JE002816, 2007) involving translucent CO₂ ice. In this work, we mostly concentrate on observations of the Inca City (81°S, 296°E) and Manhattan (86°S, 99°E) regions in the southern spring of 2007. Two companion papers, [Hansen et al. this issue] and [Portyankina et al. this issue], discuss the surface features in these regions and specific models of the behaviour of CO₂ slab ice, respectively. The observations indicate rapid on-set of activity in late winter initiating before HiRISE can obtain adequately illuminated images (Ls < 174° at Inca City). Most sources become active within the subsequent 8 weeks. Activity is indicated by the production of dark deposits surrounded by brighter bluer deposits which probably arise from the freezing out of vented CO₂ [Titus et al., 2007. AGU (abstract P41A-0188)]. These deposits originate from araneiform structures (spiders), boulders on ridges, cracks on slopes, and along linear cracks in the slab ice on flatter surfaces. The type of activity observed can often be explained qualitatively by considering the local topography. Some dark fans are observed to shorten enormously in length on a timescale of 18 days. We consider this to be strong evidence that outgassing was in progress at the time of HiRISE image acquisition and estimate a total particulate emission rate of >30 g s⁻¹ from a single typical jet feature. Brighter deposits at Inca City become increasingly hard to detect after Ls = 210°. In the Inca City region, the orientations of surficial deposits are topographically controlled. The deposition of dark material also appears to be influenced by local topography suggesting that the ejection from the vents is at low velocity (<10 m s⁻¹) and that a ground-hugging flow process (a sort of “cryo-fumarole”) may be occurring. The failure up to this point to obtain a clear detection of outgassing though stereo imaging is consistent with low level transport. The downslope orientation of the deposits may result from the geometry of the vent or from catabatic winds. At many sites, more than one ejection event appears to have occurred suggesting re-charging of the sources. Around Ls = 230°, the brightness of the surface begins to drop rapidly on north-facing slopes and the contrast between the dark deposits and the surrounding surface reduces. This indicates that the CO₂ ice slab is being lost completely in some areas at around this time. By Ls = 280°, at Inca City, the ice slab has effectively gone. CRISM band ratios and THEMIS brightness temperature measurements are consistent with this interpretation.     

Microstructures,subglacial till deposition,and shear band development revealing up-section changes in shear–A study from Weissbach,Austria

Tills from an exposure in Wildschönau Valley, northern Austria were examined using microsedimentological techniques. The tills exhibit a range of microstructures indicative of soft sediment deformation within temperate subglacial bed conditions. The tills can be subdivided at the macroscale into a lower grey and upper red till both of which exhibit some sedimentological variations; however, at the micro-level the tills appear essentially identical. The microstructures in the tills are illustrative of structures developed during deformation both during and following their emplacement. Of note are the microshears within these tills that are demonstrative of changes in applied stress. Both low (<25°) and high angle (>25°) microshears were mapped and their fabric data analyzed. The microshears show a change in stress levels ascending through successive till units. The changes in stress are demonstrative of spatially and temporally changing rheological conditions undergone by the subglacial tills during deformation, ongoing deposition/ emplacement and stress localization. These findings indicate that microstructures reveal local deformation conditions in tills and a more detailed micro-history of paleo-stress.     

Spatial distribution of metals in ground/surface waters in the Chandrapur district (Central India) and their plausible sources

This study addresses a framework to evaluate and map environmental hazard with reference to spatial distribution of major and trace metal contamination and its relationship with lithology in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, India using geospatial, statistical and GIS tools. In all, 208 ground water and 35 surface water samples were collected using global positioning system (GPS) synoptically with satellite imagery IRS P6 LISS III and were analyzed in ICP-AES. Analytical results reflect the presence of major and trace metals in ground water in terms of % as Fe (48%), Mn (12%), Zn (9%), Al (8%), Pb (7%), Cu (6%), Ni (4%), Cd (3%) and Cr (3%) of the total average concentration. The contamination is attributed to weathering of rocks and also to mining activities. Similarly, surface water contribution of major and trace metals was found as Al (47.8%), Fe (42.8%), Mn (5.5%), Zn (2.3%), Pb (0.56%), Ni (0.42%), Cu (0.16%), Cr (0.16%) and Cd (0.10%) of the total average concentration. Ordinary kriging interpolation method was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of different major and trace metals in groundwater samples with their best model fit variogram Classical statistical method like principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in order to establish correlation between spatial pattern of metal contamination and geology of the area in GIS environment. Various surface and subsurface aspects like landuse/land cover, structural features, hydrogeology, topography etc were also considered to ascertain their impact to supplement the inference of the study.     

中国矿产地质志省级“矿产地质图”和“成矿规律图”的编图思路和编图方法

中国矿产地质志省级"矿产地质图"和"成矿规律图/成矿系列图"的研编是"中国矿产地质志"研编的"文、图、库、普"四项内容之一,要体现"全覆盖"的182种矿种、18种矿床类型和多个"亚类型"、5个级别的矿产地规模、多个成矿时代的综合图例设计,要兼顾矿床成矿系列的表示方法、地质底图和构造底图优化等诸多方面,是一项复杂的"系统工程"。"编图技术要求"的制定,要本着"大道至简"的哲理、"大美至简"的审美观、"出精品"的宗旨、"编出上乘图件"的要求,提出"删繁就简构造底图,领异标新成矿系列"的编图原则。本文介绍了两图的性质、编图的思路和编图方法,并重点阐述"矿产图例设计"和"底图编制"两部分内容,以期编制出高水平图件,更集中反映和彰显项目成果。