Catastrophic and dangerous inflows to salt mines in Poland as related to the origin of water determined by isotope methods

 Tritium, ¹⁴C, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and δD measurements indicated as early as 1973 the existence of inflows of modern meteoric water to the Wapno salt mine in a Zechstein diapir. In spite of these early warnings, the continuation of improper exploitation led, in 1977, to sudden flooding of the mine followed by catastrophic land subsidence. The lesson learned from that catastrophe, as well as the results of isotope investigations performed in the Inowrocław salt mine, led to the decision to flood the mine artificially in order to avoid a similar land subsidence. The Kłodawa mine was not regarded to be in danger of flooding due to a thick clay cap. In fact, a large number of usually short-lasting water occurrences had the isotopic composition characteristic for evaporated ocean water. However, since 1956 an inflow has existed with δ¹⁸O and δD values close to that of pre-Quaternary saline waters and brines in the Mesozoic formations adjacent to the diapir. Two other inflows have recently occurred with the initial δ¹⁸O and δD values of modern waters. As a consequence, the mine is regarded to be in danger, and the exploitation of salt in the areas of inflows has been stopped. The Wieliczka mine, southern Poland, exploits Miocene salts overthrusted together with the Carpathian flysch from the south. The most dangerous and catastrophic inflows were caused by human errors. Isotope data show the water to be of glacial or Holocene age stored in Tertiary, slightly cemented rocks of low permeability, which neighbor the mine from the north. Owing to specific geology, the mine has survived for a long time, in spite of relatively large and long-lasting inflows. However, its existence is in permanent danger. Received: 7 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 November 1998     

论矿山经济技术指标对企业效益的影响

从矿山生产经营的主要指标分析入手,建立以效益为目标函数的经济分析模型,全面进行矿产经济评价,探讨生产成本、出矿品位、贫化率、矿石产量等对矿山经营效果的影响,从而找出影响矿山经济效益的主要因素,进行指导矿山生产。     

“双碳”战略下废弃露天矿山生态修复模式研究与实践——以山东省废弃露天矿山为例

本文通过研究山东省废弃露天矿山现状,分析存在的矿山地质环境问题。在总结以往废弃露天矿山生态修复情况的基础上,以“双碳”战略目标为引领,对废弃露天矿山生态修复所涉及的对象、技术、修复方向等进行了系统的研究,总结了生态复绿、农业用地、科普教育基地、旅游业用地、建设用地5种废弃露天矿山生态修复模式。以山东省废弃露天矿山生态修复经验为例,说明5种矿山生态修复模式在历史遗留废弃露天矿山生态修复工作中的实践应用。     

Effects of natural attenuation processes on groundwater contamination caused by abandoned waste sites in Berlin

The aim of this research project is to identify, characterize and quantify natural attenuation (NA) processes in groundwater affected by emissions of abandoned waste disposal sites in Berlin-Kladow/Gatow, Germany. It is part of the funding priority called KORA established by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) to explore the extent to which NA can be used for remedial purposes for varied forms of soil and groundwater contamination. Information on the emission behaviour of individual parameters is generated on the basis of hydrogeochemical comparison of 20 years old and new data. Using groundwater-modelling and CFC-analysis, information on the transport and retention of pollutants in groundwater is compiled. The microbial colonization of contaminated aquifers is characterized by molecular biological methods [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)] to differentiate between contaminated and not contaminated zones.     

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区,从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发,结合矿区现有条件,设置11种恢复措施,选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标,采用主成分分析法,得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明,单一恢复措施,如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的,存在一定的缺陷,恢复效益排名比较靠后;多种措施相结合,不仅能改善土壤环境,也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化,生态恢复效益很好;同一种恢复措施,施行年限越长恢复效果越好。     

Simulation of groundwater level recovery in abandoned mines,Fengfeng coalfield,China

Abandoned mines are of high potential risk as they could be a large underground storage of pollutants(heavy metals and organic wastes, etc.). Various physical, chemical and biological reactions would take place when groundwater flows into underground spaces, which makes abandoned mine a huge potential hazard to groundwater environment. The recovery of groundwater level is one of the key elements controlling the reactions and causing such hazards. This paper simulated groundwater level recovery processes in the abandoned mines, Fengfeng coalfield by using the computer program FEFLOW. The paper integrated the pipe flow model, "three zones" model and groundwater inrush(discharge) model in the simulation of groundwater in the complex laneway-aquifer system. Groundwater flow in the laneway systems was considered pipe flow and described in Bernoulli equation. The water-bearing medium(coal seam roof) overlying the laneway systems was divided into "three zones" composed of the caving zone, fissure zone and bending zone based on the disruption degrees of previous mining. Groundwater in the Ordovician limestone aquifer(bottom of coal seam) flowing into laneway systems was considered a major inrush/recharge source, and its flow rate was calculated by an inrush(discharge) model which was newly developed in this study and incorporated into FEFLOW. The results showed that it would take approximately 95 days for groundwater in abandoned mines to recover to regional groundwater level elevation, and the total amount of water filling up would be about 1.41195×10~7 m~3, which is consistent with the actual data. The study could be of theoretical and practical significance to mitigate abandoned mines' hazards and improve mine groundwater utilization.     

北京市矿山地质环境评价

通过对1443处（1661个）矿山的实地调查,采用地质环境指数法进行评估,利用ArcGIS软件,使用＂natural breaks＂（自然断点法）分级法,圈定出矿山地质环境影响严重区、较严重区和轻微区,提出了治理对策建议。     

基于市场化的矿山生态修复模式浅析以江西省某县废弃矿山为例

废弃矿山占用土地资源,带来诸多生态环境问题,废弃矿山的生态修复迫在眉睫。当前各级政府财政对于矿山生态修复投入不足,亟须社会资本参与。2019年自然资源部发布《关于探索利用市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的意见》,为社会资本参与矿山生态修复市场化运作打开了大门。通过在江西省某县采用市场化方式进行矿山生态修复的实践,分析了废弃矿山生态修复的开发利用方向和不同修复方式的适用范围,明确了社会资本投资参与矿山生态修复的运行及收益模式,为区域矿山生态修复市场化项目提供参考。     

矿山环境地质问题综合评价指标体系

本指标体系把矿山环境地质问题归为三大类23项指标，提出以指标指数作为划分环境地质问题危害程度等级的依据，给出2类指标评价指数的计算方法，以及各指标相应的权重。在此基础上，用模糊数学综合评判法评定矿山环境地质问题的历史、现状及其发展趋势的影响程度。在考虑矿山区位条件和恢复治理难度的基础上，最终给出矿山环境地质问题的综合评价等级，该等级也同时反映了矿山地质环境恢复治理的优先顺序。