The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of its performances based on results from the pre-industrial control run and four members of historical runs according to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiment design. The results suggest that many obvious improvements have been achieved by the FGOALS-g2 compared with the previous version,FGOALS-g1, including its climatological mean states, climate variability, and 20th century surface temperature evolution. For example,FGOALS-g2 better simulates the frequency of tropical land precipitation, East Asian Monsoon precipitation and its seasonal cycle, MJO and ENSO, which are closely related to the updated cumulus parameterization scheme, as well as the alleviation of uncertainties in some key parameters in shallow and deep convection schemes, cloud fraction, cloud macro/microphysical processes and the boundary layer scheme in its atmospheric model. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature along the equator in the Pacific is significantly improved in the new version. The sea ice salinity simulation is one of the unique characteristics of FGOALS-g2, although it is somehow inconsistent with empirical observations in the Antarctic.     

二十世纪深圳气温变化特征及严重冷暖冬事件

利用香港、澳门平均气温长序列资料，采用回归订正法将深圳平均气温序列延长到100多年，分析显示，深圳100年来气温呈上升趋势，年平均气温线性倾向达到0．6℃／100年，年平均气温、夏秋冬气温在1980’s后期至1990’s显著升高，夏秋气温升幅最大，春季气温升幅较小，且100多年发生的严重／异常的冷／暖冬事件中，严重／异常冷冬有2／3发生在上半世纪以前，严重／异常暖冬则有2／3发生在下半世纪，1990’s共出现4次。     

河北省平原区20m~2水面蒸发池与不同型号蒸发器折算系数分析

世界气象组织仪器和观测方法委员会提出以20m2水面蒸发池作为水面蒸发量的临时国际标准。根据衡水实验站多年水面蒸发量观测资料,建立了20m2水面蒸发池与E-601型蒸发器和20cm口径蒸发皿观测值的相关关系,并计算出各月的折算系数,并对折算系数变化特征进行分析。在工程设计计算中,可利用其他型号蒸发器(皿)长期观测资料,换算成20m2水面蒸发池的蒸发量,使水面蒸发资料更接近于天然水体的蒸发量,为水资源评价、水量平衡计算提供科学依据。     

中国20年一遇气温和降水极值变化的高分辨率模拟

基于25 km高分辨率区域气候模式（RegCM3）嵌套MIROC3.2_hires全球气候模式结果,进行IPCC SRES A1B情景下21世纪气候变化的模拟,分析中国区域未来气温和降水极值重现期的变化。首先检验模式对当代（1981-2000年）极端事件重现期的模拟能力,结果表明,模式能够较好地再现中国地区20年一遇极端事件的基本分布型,但所模拟的数值与观测相比还有一定偏差,特别是在极端降水方面。21世纪中期（2041-2060年）和末期（2081-2100年）20年一遇的高温极值在整个区域内均将升高,东北地区增幅最大;低温极值将增大,中心位于内蒙古、新疆及青藏高原南麓;降水极值也将普遍增大。气温和降水极值在21世纪末期的增加幅度均比中期要大。在未来全球变暖背景下,中国地区极端高温事件将明显增多,面积增大;极端低温事件将大幅度减少,面积减少;强降水事件也将增多,面积不断扩大。     

美国20世纪洪水损失分析及中美90年代比较研究

分析了美国20世纪洪水损失的演变情况及洪水损失对国民经济的影响,探讨了美国的洪水响应政策,并对中国和美国20世纪90年代的洪水损失进行比较研究.主要结论如下:①美国20世纪年均洪水损失以1.58%的增长率缓慢上升,20世纪末年均损失约为55.6亿美元;②洪水损失占GDP的比重逐渐下降,由20世纪30年代的0.334%下降到90年代的0.068%;③美国许多重大洪水政策的调整几乎都与特大洪水发生有关,呈由"遏制洪水"、"控制洪水"发展到"洪水管理"的演变历程;④通过比较研究发现,整个90年代是中国和美国洪水频发的时期,中国的年均洪水损失为1343.1亿元,损失占全国GDP的2.386%;而美国年均洪水损失虽然也达到了55.6亿美元,但只占全美GDP的0.068%;洪水对中国国民经济的影响远远大于对美国的影响.     

东昆仑白石崖地区铁多金属矿田找矿新发现及其意义

白石崖铁多金属矿田位于东昆仑东段,距青海省都兰县城西20多公里,矿田内的矿床大多赋存于下石炭统大干沟组碳酸盐岩与中酸性火山岩或酸性侵入体接触带矽卡岩带中。白石崖地区成矿特征显示,本区具有寻找铁铜铅锌钨锡的地质条件。以M20矿床为突破口,采用磁法、EH4连续电导率剖面测量及钻探查证等技术,开展了以铁多金属为主的找矿工作,发现并探明了一批有一定储量的多金属矿体,并于深部岩体附近发现钨矿体,实现了近年来白石崖地区找矿的重大突破。     

20世纪开封水域景观变化

1IntroductionLandscape pattern is a spatial arrangement and combination form of various landscape elements, which are different in size and shape. It includes the type, number, space distribution and arrangement of landscape element (Wang, 1995; Wu, 2000)…     

利用GPS卫星轨道确定地球二阶带谐系数的研究

重力恢复和气候实验(gravity recovery and climate experiment,GRACE)任务受限于卫星的低轨极地轨道性质和编队模式,确定的重力场模型C20项存在不足.与之相比,全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星为倾斜轨道,卫星数量多,将G PS卫星的精...     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C. More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China, North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased. Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes, since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.     

艾比湖最近20Ka的氧碳同位素记录与气候突变

本文根据新疆艾比湖ＺＫｏｏＢ孔中３０个氧碳同位素样品的测试数据，制作了艾比湖最近二万年来的氧碳同位素变化曲线，氧碳同位素记录的研究表明，最近二万年来艾比湖的δ＾１８Ｏ变化主要是受湖水的蒸发作用和淡化过程所控制，艾比湖的水体环境在最近二万年中至少经历了八次明显的波动变化，δ＾１８Ｏ变化所反映的环境演变过程与全球性气候变化基本一致。二万年来δ＾１３Ｃ值的波动主要受湖泊水体中ＴＤＩＣ变化以及湖泊水体与大