临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层特征及其主控因素

通过岩芯和薄片观察,结合测井资料,对临南油田夏32断块沙二段下部储层发育特征及其主控因素进行了研究。结果表明：该区储层的岩石类型主要为岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩,颗粒分选中等,磨圆较差,成分成熟度及结构成熟度中等;储层物性表现为中低孔特低—低渗的特征,且孔隙度和渗透率相关性较好;孔隙类型包括原生粒间孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔。综合储层特征的研究结果认为：夏32断块沙二段下部储层主要受基准面旋回、沉积、成岩以及构造作用的影响;三角洲平原的分支河道砂体物性最好,其次是三角洲前缘的水下分支河道,其他沉积微相储层物性较差;压实作用和胶结作用破坏储层物性,溶蚀作用则可改善储层物性;此外,构造作用所产生的裂隙也有利于改善储层物性,对储层物性起到了积极的建设作用。     

Evaluation of NLDAS‐2 evapotranspiration against tower flux site observations

The North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) has run four land surface models for a 30‐year (1979–2008) retrospective period. Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important model outputs from NLDAS‐2 for investigating land–atmosphere interaction or to monitor agricultural drought. Here, we evaluate hourly ET using in situ observations over the Southern Great Plains (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement/Cloud and Radiation Testbed network) for 1 January 1997–30 September 1999 and daily ET u‐sing in situ observations at the AmeriFlux network over the conterminous USA for an 8‐year period (2000–2007). The NLDAS‐2 models compare well against observations, with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Noah land surface model performing best, followed, in order, by the Variable Infiltration Capacity, Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, and Mosaic models. Daily evaluation across the AmeriFlux network shows that for all models, performance depends on season and vegetation type; they do better in spring and fall than in winter or summer and better for deciduous broadleaf forest and grasslands than for croplands or evergreen needleleaf forest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型湖泊天然有机质与四环素的相互作用

采用荧光滴定法研究四环素(tetracycline,TC)与太湖溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)和玄武湖DOM的相互作用.三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析显示,2个湖泊的DOM含有3个荧光组分:类富里酸组分C1、类色氨酸组分C2和类络氨酸组分C3.其中C2的荧光强度远高于C1和C3,是DOM的主要荧光组成.3个荧光组分与TC发生了不同程度的静态猝灭,特别当TC浓度为45.5μmol/L时,类蛋白组分的荧光强度完全被猝灭(100%),并且猝灭作用改变了DOM分子的微环境极性.同步荧光光谱联合二维相关图谱进一步表明类色氨酸组分优先和TC发生猝灭作用,其次为类络氨酸组分和类富里酸组分.Ryan-Weber方程适于拟合DOM与TC的猝灭过程,2个湖泊的DOM中3个荧光组分的络合常数lg K值范围为5.05~5.85,大小顺序为C2C3C1.因此,类蛋白组分为主的DOM对TC的络合作用大于类腐殖组分为主的DOM,影响抗生素在湖泊水体中的生物有效性和生态毒性.     

New Investigation on the Space Group of Chevkinite

Chevkinite specimen from a rare-earth mineral deposit in Sichuan,southwest ofChina have been studied in detail by means of transmission electron microscope(TEM).The selected area electron diffraction(SAED)and convergent beam electron diffraction(CBED)patterns,obtained from different crystal zone axis direction,proved coineidently that the space group of chevkinite is C2/m.Fringe lattice image obser-vation showed the mineral crystal is structurally uniform in microscale,and it is anideal specimen for electron diffraction analysis.The mineral studied here is similar to theone from Bayan Obo,Inner Mongolia,China,in chemical composition and REE distri-bution.The chemical formula of the crystal is(Ce,La,…,Ca)_4 Fe~2-(Fe,Ti,Nb)_2O_8 (Si_2O_7)_2 .From our study,we come to the conclusion that the space group of the natu-ral chevkinite is C2/m,instead of P2_1/a as synthetic one.Up to now,chevkinitecompositionally similar to the synthetic one,in which the complete replacements of Ce,La by Nd and Fe by Mg or Co o     

GPT2w模型在中国大陆地区的精度分析

全球气温气压（GPT）系列模型可用于计算全球任意位置的气温、气压和水汽压等各种气象参数,目前国内外广泛使用且精度较高的全球气温气压模型主要为GPT2w模型.本文利用2012—2016年中国大陆地区102个国家气象站实测的气温、气压和水汽压数据对GPT2w模型进行精度分析.结果表明：GPT2w模型的气温误差均值为-0.45 ℃,标准偏差均值为10.04 ℃;气压误差均值为2.05 hPa,标准偏差均值为6.55 hPa;水汽压误差均值为0.11 hPa,标准偏差均值为6.15 hPa.总体而言,GPT2w模型计算出的气温、气压和水汽压值在中国大陆大部分地区具有较高的精度.同时,三种气象参数的精度在中国大陆地区分布不均匀,不同纬度区间存在一定差异且以年为周期均具有明显的季节性.     

二氧化碳生物地球化学循环研究的进展

综述了对二氧化碳生物地球化学循环的研究现状，着重介绍了大气二氧化碳的源和汇的研究资料，并简要介绍了有关碳循环模式。     

WRF中土壤图及参数表的更新对华北夏季预报的影响研究

土壤质地及其物理性质的参数化对陆面过程模拟具有明显的影响。研究了土壤质地和土壤水文参数表的更新对WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模拟性能的影响。使用北京师范大学土壤属性数据集和修正后的土壤水文参数表替换WRF默认数据,对2017年6—8月华北地区开展数值模拟试验和评估验证。结果表明,模拟结果对土壤类型数据集和水文参数表的更新较为敏感,对地面要素预报有正效果。WRF默认土壤数据集中,中国东部以粘壤土为主,而在北京师范大学土壤数据集里则以壤土为主;修正后的土壤水文参数在Noah陆面过程中增强了裸土潜热蒸发能力。数值模拟试验表明,土壤输入数据和土壤水文参数的更新能够增强陆面向大气的潜热同时减弱感热输送,致使大气底层温度降低而湿度增大。利用华北区域748个地面气象观测站的2 m温度和2 m湿度对2017年夏季的模拟结果进行验证,结果显示更新试验对地面要素的预报偏差有较好的修正作用,能够将2 m温、湿度的预报技巧分别提高3.4%和2.9%。      

The impact of the Tokyo Metropolitan Emissions Trading Scheme on reducing greenhouse gas emissions: findings from a facility-based study

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the Tokyo Metropolitan Emissions Trading Scheme (Tokyo ETS), Japan’s first emissions trading scheme with mandatory cap initiated by the government of Tokyo. Unlike trading schemes in other countries, the Tokyo ETS covers indirect emissions from the commercial sector. It is well known that a variety of market barriers impede full realization of energy efficiency opportunities, especially in the commercial sector. Experiences with the Tokyo ETS should therefore provide important lessons for the design of climate change mitigation policies, especially when targeting the commercial sector. The emissions from covered entities have been drastically reduced from those at the scheme’s outset, with an average 14% reduction as of the end of the first commitment period of five years (2010–2014) compared with 2009 levels. This paper shows that the Tokyo ETS alone did not cause these reductions; there were other drivers. Among them, the energy savings triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 were crucial. The contribution of credit trading, in contrast, was limited since most of the covered entities reduced emissions by themselves. Through an investigation of official reports, an assessment of the emissions data from the covered entities compared to those of uncovered entities and in-depth interviews with firms covered by the scheme, this paper confirms that the main drivers of emissions reductions by covered entities were separate from the ETS. In fact, the advisory aspect of the scheme seems to be much more important in encouraging energy-saving actions.

Key policy insights

• Most of the observed emission reductions were not caused by the Tokyo ETS alone.

• An advisory instrument was crucial to the effectiveness of the Tokyo ETS.

• The experience of the Tokyo ETS suggests that making full use of the advantages of emissions trading is difficult in the case of the commercial sector.

• Price signals have not provided a stimulus to climate change mitigation actions, which implies that establishing a cap to yield effective carbon prices poses a challenge.

     

Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Hindcasts of Stratospheric Sudden Warming by BCC_CSM1.1(m):A Comparison with ECMWF

This study focuses on model predictive skill with respect to stratospheric sudden warming(SSW) events by comparing the hindcast results of BCC_CSM1.1(m) with those of the ECMWF's model under the sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project of the World Weather Research Program and World Climate Research Program. When the hindcasts are initiated less than two weeks before SSW onset, BCC_CSM and ECMWF show comparable predictive skill in terms of the temporal evolution of the stratospheric circumpolar westerlies and polar temperature up to 30 days after SSW onset. However, with earlier hindcast initialization, the predictive skill of BCC_CSM gradually decreases, and the reproduced maximum circulation anomalies in the hindcasts initiated four weeks before SSW onset replicate only 10% of the circulation anomaly intensities in observations. The earliest successful prediction of the breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex accompanying SSW onset for BCC_CSM(ECMWF) is the hindcast initiated two(three) weeks earlier. The predictive skills of both models during SSW winters are always higher than that during non-SSW winters, in relation to the successfully captured tropospheric precursors and the associated upward propagation of planetary waves by the model initializations. To narrow the gap in SSW predictive skill between BCC_CSM and ECMWF, ensemble forecasts and error corrections are performed with BCC_CSM. The SSW predictive skill in the ensemble hindcasts and the error corrections are improved compared with the previous control forecasts.