古大气CO2浓度重建方法技术研究现状

温室气候引起的全球气候变暖越来越引起人们的关注,大气中不断上升的CO2浓度被认为是导致气候变暖的主要因素.地史时期大气CO2浓度变化与温室气候可能存在类似的关系,可提供参考,因而古大气CO2浓度重建是首要任务.总结近年来古大气CO2浓度重建的进展,重点介绍GEOCARB模型模拟、植物叶片气孔参数和同位素指针的方法和技术.GEOCARB模型是反映全球古大气CO2浓度长期变化的碳相关模型;气孔参数方法是使用气孔比例来估计古大气CO2浓度;同位素指针包括成壤碳酸盐、浮游植物有机质生物标记物、钙质浮游有孔虫、古苔藓植物等,其中成壤碳酸盐碳同位素方法使用最为广泛.国内只是在叶片参数研究方面有一些进展,古大气CO2浓度重建工作任重而道远.     

Water Self-Softening Processes at Waterfall Sites

Many rivers in tropical and subtropical karst regions are supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and have high water hardness. After flowing through waterfall sites, river water is usually softened, accompanied by tufa formation, which is simply described as a result of water turbulence in fast-flowing water. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments are designed to simulate the hydrological conditions at waterfall sites. The influences of air-water interface, water flow velocity, aeration and solid-water interface on water softening are compared and evaluated on a quantitative basis. The results show that the enhanced inorganic CO2 outgassing due to sudden hydrological changes occurring at waterfall sites is the principal cause of water softening at waterfall sites. Both air-water interface area and water flow velocity increase as a result of the "aeration effect", "low pressure effect" and "jet-flow effect" at waterfall sites, which greatly accelerates CO2 outgassing and therefore makes natural w     

充填处理红宝石的鉴定

对红宝石的天然、合成、优化处理成因已有许多研究,其中有不少争议［１］。争议的焦点在于对其内含物（包裹体）的认识。因此,在鉴定工作中思路要宽,对内含物的一切可能成因要作全方位推断,然后一一甄别。１　测试样品及其一般宝石学特征１－１　测试样品本文测试样品为一条红宝石伴钻石手链,来自于广州市对一家有信誉的国营大公司的市场抽查。样品重７－５４ｇ,由１０粒规格为５－１×４－２ｍｍ的椭圆形刻面红宝石及１８粒圆形钻石组成,工艺精美,商家称为“镶嵌红宝石手链”。１－２　一般宝石学特征１０粒红宝石颜色统一,为较均…     

Structure of Cu-bearing orthopyroxene, Mg(Cu.56,Mg.44)Si2O6, and behavior of Cu2+ in the orthopyroxene structure

Cu-bearing pyroxene, Mg(Cu.₅₆,Mg.₄₄)Si₂O₆, has been synthesized by a flux method and crystal structure refinement has been performed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It is found that the crystal structure is orthorhombic (space group Pbca) with unit cell dimensions of a=18.221(4), b=8.890(1), c=5.2260(7)Å and the cell volume of 846.5( )3ų. In the M2-site one of the M-O bonds(M-O3B) is extremely expanded from 2.444(2) in enstatite to 2.732(2), thus the coordination polyhedron around M2-site is regarded as square pyramidal rather than square planar or octahedral. It is also found that the M1-site in the pyroxene structure is occupied almost exclusively by Mg, while the M2-site is almost evenly occupied by Mg and Cu. The observed extreme site preference shown by Cu²⁺ is unusual among the divalent cations with similar ionic sizes.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Granitoids of the Erdenet Porphyry Copper Deposit, Mongolia

Abstract. The Erdenet porphyry copper deposit is one of the major mineral deposits in Mongolia. The geochemical data of granitoids acquired for the Erdenet and its surrounding areas are re-examined. The granitoids of the Erdenet deposit with hypogene type mineralization show the lowest TiO₂ content. Although Ti was possibly lost through the pyritization, it is also possible that the hypogene type mineralization occurred accompanied with the most differentiated granitoids. The variation of the element contents related to the mineralization of the Erdenet deposit shows the decrease of MgO and CaO contents, rather constant K₂O content, rather constant to decrease of Na₂O content, with respect to the Cu contents. The rather constant Na₂O in the mineralized zone is owing to the residual albite against the sericitic alteration. The granitoids of the Erdenet area show an increase of Na₂O content and a decrease of K₂O content with an increase of SiO₂ content. This trend makes clear contrast to granitoids in the surrounding areas. The granitoids of the Erdenet area might have the adakitic nature based on the Sr and Y contents.     

中酸性侵入岩氧化钾平面分布规律及其与地壳厚度的关系

燕山地区中生代陆内造山作用强烈，形成数百个中生代中酸性侵入体。本区侵入岩的氧化钾分布具有南北分区、东西分带的特征。燕山北区中酸性侵入岩Ｋ２Ｏ含量普遍较高，平均为５．０％，而燕山南区中酸性侵性岩Ｋ２Ｏ含量平均为４．０％，统计分析表明，燕山陆内造山带中生代中酸性侵入岩氧化钾与地壳厚度呈线性相关，；地壳厚度是决定燕山地区中生代侵入岩氧化钾空间分布的主要因素，与板块边缘岛弧带火山岩氧化钾空间分布的主要制药     

上地幔流体的性质和作用——从女山幔源二辉橄榄岩捕虏体获得的证据

玄武岩浆从地幔深处挟带上来的超镁铁质捕虏体含有地幔流体的直接证据,它们对于阐明地幔深部地质作用(部分熔融作用、地幔交代作用)的机制十分重要。女山幔源二辉橄榄岩的研究结果表明,初始的地幔流体除富含CO_2外,尚含有H_2O和少量CO、CH_4、SO_2、C1、F。地幔中的初始流体(挥发组分)在源部是溶解于地幔橄揽岩的高压固体矿物相中,它们在地幔上隆减压时出溶,形成细小的最早期流体包裹体。这些自由流体相在一定部应聚集,使得地幔固相线(和液相线)下降,引起上地幔发生减压部分熔融。初始的部分熔融主要发生于矿物边界,以单斜辉石最易遭受,形成矿物边缘的海绵状部分熔融带。当地幔剪切流动时,初始的部分熔融体珠滴联合成大的珠滴,并开始渗透,在变形橄榄岩中相连成脉状网络,晚期含C0_2岩浆包裹体及填隙玻璃即为其代表。由于剪裂作用,熔体(和流体)压裂开上覆橄榄岩,产生岩墙状通道,并在上地幔的某些低压区聚集成岩浆库。流体和熔体均为地幔交代作用的介质。在流体参与下,上地幔低度部分熔融产生的熔体将高度富集不相容元素。这些熔体和流体与亏损地幔间的相互作用,可以带来不相容元素重大的局部富集。当流体(和熔体)中H_2O浓度低时,仅发生隐交代作用;当H_2O浓度较高时,部分熔融程度也较高,相应有含水相(如角闪石等)成核,出现矿物交代作用。     

基于GMS的三维TOUGH2模型及模拟

GMS和TOUGH2均是应用广泛的地下流动系统数值模拟软件,其中,GMS界面友好,功能强大;而TOUGH2虽具有强大的数值计算能力,但缺乏友好的可视化前后处理界面。本文借助GMS强大的前处理能力,基于概念模型建立了三维复杂模型,把GMS/MODFLOW三维数值模型(包括网格数据、岩性数据、初始和边界数据等)转化为TOUGH2数值模型进行数值计算。通过两个计算实例(含水层水平没有起伏和有起伏)对比分析了GMS/MODFLOW和TOUGH2计算结果的差异。结果显示,该方法可以快速地建立刻画复杂地质条件的TOUGH2模型,计算结果与GMS/MODFLOW差异很小,说明两个软件均有很高的可信度;同时,该方法发挥了两个软件各自的优势,为进行更为复杂的多相流动数值模拟提供了可行性。     

北京奥运会期间NO2浓度降低原因分析

2002～2008年,北京市城区和近郊8月的NO2月均浓度大体呈现逐年下降趋势,其中前5年二者均以每年约10%的降幅下降,2008年发生显著下降,降幅达40%左右。利用嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPM/IAP),采用敏感性试验方法,评估了气象条件与污染控制措施对北京奥运会期间大气NO2浓度降低的影响,评估不同污染控制措施对NO2浓度降低的作用。研究结果表明,污染控制措施是NO2浓度降低的主要影响因素,其中面源的污染控制措施对于NO2浓度降低的作用最明显。     

几种再分析地表气温资料在中国区域的适用性评估

应用台站观测资料对ERA-40、NCEP/NCAR、NCEP/DOE和JRA-25等几种再分析地表(2m)气温资料在中国不同区域、不同年代和季节的气候均值、年际变化和变率特征及其气候趋势等所反映出来的适用性问题进行了系统评估.结果表明,几种再分析产品在全国大多数地区的气候变化研究中都具有一定的合理性,特别是1979年以后的资料可靠性更高一些.但相比而言,它们在冬季的可信度一般要高于夏季,东部地区的可信度一般要高于西部地区;ERA-40和JRA-25再分析产品的适用性要高于NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE再分析产品;其中,JRA-25在均值、年际变化和变率特征的描述上具有更高的可靠性,而ERA-40在长期气候变化趋势(44年)的描述上则要明显优于NCEP/NCAR再分析产品.