http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000058

<正>The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples,formed either by magmatism or metamorphism,were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET—06.Results showed that the coefficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃.It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly,the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction.This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated,and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth's crust.Because magnetite is widespread in the earth's crust(generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust),there is more-than-random probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled.We,therefore,used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes.The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions,using the following calcu-lation formula:E= - 0.159(σ×△T×φ×ρ_2×[(h~2-2x~2)cosα+ 3hxsinα]/ρ_1(h~2 +x~2)~(5/2)).In the above formula,σis thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite,△T is the temperature difference acting on it,φis a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current.ρ_1 andρ_2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust,and h,α,and x,respectively,h is the depth of embedded magnetite block,αmeans the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block,and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface.According to simulations calculated with this formula,additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as high as n to n×10~2 mV/km.This field is strong enough to cause obvious anomalies in the background geo-electric field,and can be easy probed by earthquake monitoring equipment. Therefore,we hypothesize that geo-electric abnormalities which occur during earthquakes may be caused by the thermo-electric effect of magnetite.     

安达曼海东部凹陷渐新世以来断裂–构造演化特征及其成因探讨

本文研究内容为印度洋东北部边缘海安达曼海的构造演化。利用安达曼海域东部大范围二维地震数据资料及钻井数据,结合区域地质概况以及前人研究成果,选取8条具有代表性的断层并将其划分为一级和二级断裂,运用生长指数法和古落差法对断层进行定量分析,再通过计算安达曼海东部凹陷4条主测线的构造沉降量,探讨构造演化过程。结果表明:选取的生长断层中3条属于一级断裂,跨度大,几乎切穿整个地层,属于控制安达曼海域地区沉降的大断裂;另外5条属于二级断裂,控制构造带的展布情况,属于构造带的分界线。渐新世时期,印度–澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块之间处于软碰撞阶段,断层发育缓慢,上下盘落差较小,生长指数与构造沉降量也处于低值;中新世时期,板块之间的耦合效应不断增强,断层发育速度加快,此时上下盘厚度最大,是形成多处断裂带以及多种断裂样式的关键时期,各地层生长指数和构造沉降量也达到峰值。上新世至今,安达曼海沟–弧–盆体系逐渐稳定,断层活动减弱,断裂上下盘厚度差基本一致,生长指数差异较小,构造沉降量基本稳定在 1 km 左右。     

日本海中尺度涡旋时空变化特征研究

本文利用1993–2019年基于海表面高度异常的涡旋数据集和高度计数据统计分析了日本海区域中尺度涡旋的大小、极性、生命周期、振幅、传播等表面特征的时空变化规律。27年间,共探测到1 429个涡旋,气旋和反气旋数量基本相当,其中气旋675个,反气旋754个。两种极性涡旋均具有较强的季节变化:秋季较多,冬季次之,春季最少。郁陵盆地、大和盆地等为涡旋多发区域呈现西南–东北向带状分布。其中,南部海域反气旋占优,靠近津轻海峡的北部海域气旋占优。西部和南部受东韩暖流和对马暖流的驱动,涡旋移动方向与流场基本一致,北部涡旋与黎曼寒流以及副极地锋流有关。研究表明,动力学不稳定是涡旋在秋冬季大量产生的重要原因。此外,半封闭盆地、局地流场以及复杂的海气相互作用等都可能会对涡旋的产生和消亡造成一定影响。     

利用GRACE与Sentinel-1反演地下水变化与地表沉降研究

针对地表沉降与地下水变化之间的关系研究,助力资源开发与灾害防治之间突出矛盾的解决。该文利用GRACE/GRACE-FO卫星观测数据反演京津冀地区的地下水变化情况,利用Sentinel-1卫星观测结果,通过小基线集干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)计算该区域的地面沉降速率,在地下水变化分析的基础上研究地下水变化与降雨的相关关系,并进而得到地表沉降与地下水变化的相关关系。结果表明,2003—2020年京津冀地区地下水储量呈减少趋势,变化速率达到-11.4 mm/a,降雨量年际变化较大,对地下水储量亏损存在影响;京津冀地区中,北京市地表形变相较于地下水变化滞后时间约为3个月,地下水变化与地表形变存在较高的相关性,二者相关系数达到0.758。     

复杂植被山区滑坡蠕变与植被覆盖度关系研究

针对目前复杂植被山区滑坡蠕变监测受植被覆盖影响较大、不同植被覆盖度下滑坡蠕变关系研究缺乏等问题,该文联合Sentinel-1和ALOS PALSAR-2数据集,分别利用SBAS-InSAR和D-InSAR两轨差分技术,获取研究区2019年7月—2020年8月的雷达视线向形变时间序列,分析了复杂植被山区滑坡蠕变与植被覆盖度的内在关系。结果表明：(1)不同植被覆盖度等级对平寨水库库岸山区滑坡蠕变的影响具有显著差异,在低、中高和高植被覆盖度等级时诱发坡体沉降,在中植被覆盖度等级时抑制滑坡蠕变;(2)平寨水库库岸山区的滑坡蠕变体主要集中在库区NW-SE方向,分布与三岔河流域的流向相近;(3)联合多源数据对复杂植被山区滑坡蠕变进行组合探测能够有效克服时间、空间去相干影响,使滑坡蠕变体监测结果更为可靠。研究结果揭示了滑坡蠕变与植被覆盖的内在联系,可以为区域尺度防灾减灾事业提供科学支持。     

基于D-InSAR技术的不同裁剪尺度下沉降监测精度对比分析

利用InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉测量)技术对小区域范围内的沉降进行监测时,不同的裁剪尺度会对沉降精度产生影响。本文分别选取山区和平地的SAR数据,利用不同尺度的窗口对数据进行裁剪,采用D-InSAR技术分别获取沉降结果,对沉降结果进行分析比较。研究结果显示:小区域范围内,山区SAR数据的裁剪尺度为3300×3300像元时为最佳,平地SAR数据的裁剪尺度为3800×3800像元时为最佳。该研究结果对利用InSAR进行小区域沉降监测具有一定的参考价值。     

Precipitation type estimation and validation in China

The results from three methods aimed at improving precipitation type(e.g., rain, sleet, and snow) estimation are presented and compared in this paper. The methods include the threshold air temperature(AT), threshold wet bulb temperature(WBT) and Koistinen and Saltikoff(KSS) methods.Dot graphs are plotted to acquire the threshold air temperature or the threshold wet bulb temperature using daily averaged air temperature, wet bulb temperature and precipitation data at 643 stations from 1961 to 1979(precipitation types are not labeled in the database from 1980 to present) in China. The results indicate that the threshold AT or WBT methods are not able to differentiate rain, sleet and snow in the most regions in China; sleet is difficult to differentiate from other precipitation types based on the two threshold methods. Therefore, one threshold AT and WBT method was used in this study to differentiate rain and snow. Based on GaussianKriging interpolation of threshold air temperature(T0and wet bulb temperature(Tw), the T0 and Tw contour lines and contour surfaces are calculated for China.Finally, a comparison between the KSS, AT and WBT methods are provided in which the KSS method is calculated based on air temperature and relative humidity. The results suggest that the KSS method is more appropriate for water phase estimation than are the other methods; the maximum precision for rain and snow is 99% and 94%, respectively. The AT method performs better than the WBT method when the critical air temperature is 2°C.     

基于HJ-1B的城市热岛季节变化研究——以北京市为例

基于中国的HJ-1B卫星反演地表温度,通过建立一种2.5维高斯表面模型来对北京城市热岛建模,定量描述热岛的位置、形状和大小,并用这种模型来描述城市热环境及其季节变化。研究发现,北京市热岛效应季节变化明显,夏季市中心形成热岛且强度和范围最大,冬季城区中心变成冷岛。在2009年夏季,北京市热岛区域东西横跨33.92 km,南北横跨40.92 km,面积约为1 090.14 km2。相对的,在冬季,北京市区温度比郊区低,从而形成一个冷岛。研究表明HJ-1B卫星是城市热环境监测中的一个良好的数据源。     

高中地理教学中“举三反一”的应用

英国学者R.J.约翰斯顿在《哲学与人文地理学》中说：＂科学的功能……就是建立普遍规律来概括所论科学关注的经验事件或客体的行为,从而使我们将关于孤立的已知事件的知识联系起来,并对未知做出可靠的预测。＂地理科学一个重要的功能就是对地球表面的地理事实、地理现象,进行分析、概括,归纳、分析其中蕴含的地理原理、地理规律,并运用地理原理和地理规律做出科学的预测。因此,归纳推理是地理科学的重要研究方法。     

城市大气沉降重金属污染及其健康风险

重金属污染是我国当前经济社会发展中面临的重要环境问题,其污染防治对于保障饮食安全、维护生命健康具有重要意义。城市不仅是人类活动的聚居区,而且是各种污染源集中排放区,因此城市大气沉降重金属污染对人类健康影响既深又广。本文阐述了城市大气沉降重金属的污染现状、特征、影响因素及其来源等,从大气沉降-作物-人体以及大气沉降-人体两个暴露途径,揭示了大气沉降重金属的健康风险,并且从重金属排放源、尘源方面探讨了重金属的防控措施及其植物修复对策。