赵固一矿着力打造绿色矿山

河南煤化焦煤集团赵固一矿以建设绿色环保生态矿井为目标,以精细化管理为抓手,扎实开展节能减排和矿区绿化工作,为员工营造了一个优美宜人的工作和生活环境。近日,赵固一矿获得了2011年度焦作市级“园林单位”称号。     

地形对天山积雪冻融变化的影响分析

天山积雪是新疆水资源的重要来源,地形对积雪的空间分布和消融有重要影响,分析地形对天山积雪冻融过程的影响具有重要的理论意义.基于2005-2014年的MODIS/Terra积雪8 d合成数据（MOD10A2）与数字高程模型（DEM）数据,分析了天山积雪覆盖随高程、坡度和坡向的季节变化规律.分析结果表明：（1）在不同季节里,不同高程中的融雪和积雪过程同步发生,其中在春季和冬季,雪盖变化较大的区域主要分布在低海拔和高海拔地区;而在夏、秋两季,雪盖变化较大的区域主要分布在中海拔地区.（2）在不同季节,不同坡度的积雪冻融过程也同步进行,但春季和冬季积雪呈线性变化,在缓坡和陡坡地区变化明显;夏季和秋季积雪变化缓慢,在中坡变化显著.（3）天山积雪变化随坡向具有对称性和周期性.积雪变化呈现北坡大、南坡小,春、冬季大,夏、秋季小的特点.在波动周期内,夏秋季积雪变化波动较大,变化趋势与春、冬季相反.研究结果可为融雪型洪水预报提供科学依据.     

南宁名树园,仙境般的景色

从二十世纪90年代末开始,南宁市委、市政府就明确了一个目标:将南宁市定位为"中国绿城"。近年来,南宁市坚持"生态立市""、环境立市"战略,围绕"绿"字做文章,推进"绿色南宁""、绿满邕江"造林绿化工程建设,每年植树100多万棵,并且推进涵盖六县的"国家级生态示范区"建设,把城市绿化从量的扩张转变为质的提升,南宁由此被建设成为"中国绿城"。     

Simulated multi-scale watershed runoff and sediment production based on GeoWEPP model

The runoff and sediment yield data from the Qiaozidonggou, Qiaozixigou, and Lu＇ergou watersheds, in the Loess Plateau of China are used to calibrate and validate the runoff and sediment yield simulated by GeoWEPP model of the WEPP Model at watershed scale. The indices of relative error, R, correlation coefficient, Re, and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient Ens are used to evaluate the model fit. The eco-hydrological responses in the Luoyugou and Lu＇ergou watersheds are also forecast based on the WEPP Model. Meanwhile, the relation between vegetation pattern changes and sediment yield in the watershed is discussed, and the responses of runoff and sediment yield in the watersheds concerning forest growth stages are studied. The results show that the relative errors of simulated values of runoff and sediment yield are below 30%, the correlation coefficients axe above 0.90, and the Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficients axe above 0.80. The simulation results present satisfactory performance, thus, the model could be used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in these small watersheds. It is also observed that soil erosion tended to become severe as precipitation increased in the watershed, while soil erosion has a decreasing trend as forest cover increases and vegetation pattern is optimized. When the watershed is fully covered by forest, erosion and sediment yield are minimized. When the forest cover is about 30% and evenly distributed in the watershed, the erosion intensity is lower than if the forest cover is collectively distributed in the watershed. Erosion varies with different forest growth stages in the watershed; it is more serious at the young and near planting stage and is the smallest at the mature forest stage.     

基于优化模型的中国民用运输机场人口覆盖评价

随着中国机场建设速度加快,机场布局评价及优化已成为交通地理学重要的研究议题。针对县级需求点,对中国2005 年和2010 年机场布局进行基于优化覆盖模型的模拟,进而从覆盖率、重叠率和冗余度三个指标对机场布局进行全国和分区的评价。结果表明：“十一五”期间,中国机场布局在人口覆盖率方面有明显提升,但与最优覆盖率相比还存在一定的优化空间,在中部布局机场能更大地提高机场人口覆盖率。人口重叠率虽有所上升,但与最优重叠率的差异缩小了,故整体重叠率实际得到了较好的优化,分区有一定差异：东部实际重叠率高于最优重叠率,而中部还需提高约10%才能达到最优重叠率。有效服务半径这一地理概念在机场规划中的引入对重叠率改善起到了一定作用,但也是造成2010 年机场冗余度上升的原因之一。     

An approach to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical forest in Northeast China

The spatially explicit reconstruction of historical land-cover datasets plays an important role in studying the climatic and ecological effects of land-use and land-cover change（LUCC）. Using potential natural vegetation（PNV） and satellite-based land use data, we determined the possible maximum distribution extent of forest cover in the absence of human disturbance. Subsequently, topography and climate factors were selected to assess the suitability of land for cultivation. Finally, a historical forest area allocation model was devised on the basis of the suitability of land for cultivation. As a case study, we used the historical forest area allocation model to reconstruct forest cover for 1780 and 1940 in Northeast China with a 10-km resolution. To validate the model, we compared satellite-based forest cover data with our reconstruction for 2000. A one-sample t-test of absolute bias showed that the two-tailed significance was 0.12, larger than the significant level 0.05, suggesting that the model has strong ability to capture the spatial distribution of forests. In addition, we calculated the relative difference of our reconstruction at the county scale for 1780 in Northeast China. The number of counties whose relative difference ranged from-30% to 30% is 99, accounting for 74.44% of all counties. These findings demonstrated that the provincial forest area could be transformed into forest cover maps well using the model.     

连续降雨下不同砾石含量工程堆积体土壤侵蚀

为探究砾石对工程堆积体土壤侵蚀的影响与其作用机制,通过室内模拟降雨研究了连续降雨下不同砾石含量的重壤质堆积体水蚀过程。结果表明:①堆积体砾石含量增加,坡面产流历时延长,产流率线性减小,土壤剥蚀率降低;②连续降雨下,堆积体所含砾石主要通过对坡面产流历时、坡面产流率、砾石覆盖率的多重影响发挥减沙作用,主成分回归方程可表达多个变量与平均土壤剥蚀率的关系;③一定砾石含量下,堆积体坡面砾石覆盖率随表土的剥离而增大,导致土壤剥蚀率呈指数函数递减趋势,并与累积土壤侵蚀总量存在较好的函数关系。工程堆积体所含砾石对土壤侵蚀程度的削减可为生产建设项目下垫面水土保持治理提供重要参考。     

植被覆盖率对区域性生态输水能力的影响研究

区域性生态输水是进行区域综合治理的重大工程,生态环境的改善特别是植被覆盖率更是对区域生态输水能力具有重要的影响。研究领域历来重视区域性生态输水能力对生态环境的影响,而忽视生态环境对生态输水能力的反作用。针对这一研究现状,以及植被覆盖率对区域性生态输水能力的重要作用,选取新疆塔里木河流域及周边地带为研究对象,总结生态输水对塔里木河流域生态环境、植被等作用,同时分析植被覆盖率对区域性生态输水能力的影响机制。为植被覆盖率对区域性生态输水反馈机制探究提供有益参考。     

中国环境危机的经济学解决之道

<正>中国历史上的生态环境如何呢?据研究,4000年前,黄河流域是郁郁葱葱的原始森林;西周时,黄土高原拥有森林4.8亿亩,森林覆盖率为53%(而2009年全国森林覆盖率为20.36%);及至春秋战国,狼烟四起,烽火连天,中国人的生     

福建森林覆盖率保持全国第一

记者从近13召开的福建省林业工作会议获悉：福建省森林覆盖率由2003年的62．96％上升至目前的63．1％,继续保持全国第一,是全国最“绿”的省份。