榆林沙区飞播试验中几个技术问题的探讨

本项试验于1974-1981年,在陕西省榆林地区流沙地上进行。本文就飞播固沙植物种选择、飞播种子处理技术、植物群体固沙的原理及飞播量的计算,飞播立地条件的选择,鼠、兔、虫、病害的防治,飞播造林的投资及效益估算等项技术予以了较深入地探讨,为推广榆林飞播治沙的经验提供理论依据。     

基于DEM的广西宁明林地生产力的探讨

文章以广西宁明主要树种马尾松和桉树为例,在GIS技术的支持下,利用高精度的DEM数据快速提取了地形地貌因子参数,基于此建立了马尾松和桉树的生产力估算模型,并预测了研究区域潜在的森林生产力,以期为林业部门营造林树种提供决策依据.     

Constant-ductility strength demand spectra for seismic design of structures

In displacement-based seismic design, constant-ductility strength demand spectra （CDSDS） are very useful for preliminary design of new structures where the global displacement ductility capacity is known. The CDSDS can provide the required inelastic lateral strength of new structures from the required elastic lateral strength. Based on a statistical study of nonlinear time-history for an SDOF system, the mean CDSDS corresponding to four site conditions are presented and approximate expressions of the inelastic spectra are proposed, which are functions of the structural period and ductility level. The effects of site conditions, structural period, level of ductility, damping and post-yield stiffness of structures on CDSDS are also investigated. It is concluded that site conditions, ductility level and structural period have important effects on the CDSDS and damping, post-yield stiffness effects are rather complex and of minor importance. The damping, post-yield stiffness effects depend on both the level of ductility and the natural period of structures.     

流沙区不同立地条件下防护林土壤微生物多样性分析

土壤微生物在极端干旱区土壤发育过程中至关重要。结合传统培养、PLFA和PCR-DGGE 3种方法,研究了塔里木沙漠公路防护林不同立地条件下土壤微生物数量、脂肪酸种类和DNA片段多样性。结果表明,不同立地条件下土壤微生物数量明显不同,脂肪酸种类和DNA片段多样性指数亦有显著差异 （F84%）,放线菌次之,真菌很少（<0.05%）;0～35 cm采样范围内,土壤微生物多样性垂直差异不明显;相关分析表明,土壤微生物多样性指数高时林木生长也较好。说明塔里木沙漠公路防护林建设后土壤生物活性明显增强,但在防护林生态工程的营造、恢复与重建实践中需考虑地形地貌因素,以充分发挥防护林防风固沙效益,有效促进流沙地土壤的发育。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同立地条件植物多样性和优势种群生态位特征研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同立地条件植物群落为研究对象,分析了该区不同立地条件植物群落的种类组成、优势种群及优势种群的生态位特征。结果表明:①不同立地条件的植物群落均为灌木-草本模式,优势种群为梭梭、白梭梭、白皮沙拐枣、羽毛针禾、骆驼刺、琵琶柴、狭果鹤虱、沙蓬、倒披针叶虫实;②由于不同立地条件环境因子差异,造成其植物群落的α多样性指数存在差异;③Whittacker指数与Cody指数显示不同立地条件植物群落β多样性随环境变化可分为两个梯度,第一梯度为垄顶、迎风坡与背风坡上部,第二梯度为平坦荒地、丘间平地与背风坡中、下部;④生态位宽度大的物种间生态位重叠大。在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘进行受损群落植被恢复与重建时,可在适宜的立地条件种植梭梭与羽毛针禾。     

立地条件和积雪厚度对古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭造林的影响

为了辨认立地条件和积雪厚度对梭梭苗木成活的影响,于2009年4月,在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了沙丘阴坡、沙丘阳坡、丘间平地作为研究样地,在原有自然降雪的基础上,通过补水模拟不同年份的积雪厚度,进行了梭梭春季免灌造林研究,选择适宜实施梭梭免灌造林的立地环境和积雪条件。研究结果表明,不同立地条件之间梭梭免灌造林成活率差异显著,沙丘阴坡、丘间平地和沙丘阳坡梭梭免灌造林成活率分别为53.66%、14.42%和4.73%,这与3种立地条件的土壤水分状况吻合,说明水分是影响梭梭免灌造林的关键因子;在不同的立地条件下,积雪厚度对梭梭免灌造林成活率的影响程度不同,在年积雪厚度达到17 cm时,沙丘阴坡梭梭免灌造林成活率能达到54.95%,而在丘间平地与沙丘阳坡梭梭免灌造林成活率却很小,由于3种立地条件各种环境因子的差异,造成了不同立地条件下同一积雪厚度对梭梭免灌造林成活率存在差异。     

Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great Wenchuan earthquake

Over 800 accelerograms recorded by 272 ground-level stations during the Wenchuan earthquake are used to analyze the influence of rupture distance, local site conditions and azimuth on peak ground accelerations (PGAs). To achieve a better understanding of the characteristics of ground motions, the spatial distributions of the EW, NS and UD components of PGAs arc obtained. Comparisons between the EW and NS components, the fault-normal and fault-parallel components,and the vertical and horizontal components of PGAs are performed, and the regression formula of the vertical-to-horizontal ratio of PGAs is developed. The attenuation relationship of peak horizontal accelerations (PHAs) is compared with several contemporary attenuation relationships. In addition, an analysis of residuals is conducted to identify the potential effects of rupture distance, azimuth and site conditions on the observed values of PHAs. The analysis focuses on medium-hard soil site conditions, as they provided most of the data used in this study.