喀斯特和非喀斯特区农业景观格局变化及生态 系统服务价值变化对比——以广西全州县为例

选取广西壮族自治区典型喀斯特丘陵盆地——全州县为研究区,根据景观格局和生态系统服务价值相关理论,采用2005、2010和2015年TM遥感影像的解译结果及社会经济统计数据,借助ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,对比分析了2005―2015年全州县喀斯特区和非喀斯特区的农业景观格局和生态系统服务价值变化,结果显示：1）2005―2015年间全州县农业景观格局发生明显变化,但喀斯特区和非喀斯特区优势景观类型均未发生变化。2）10年间农业景观用地面积喀斯特区减少了472.23 hm2,非喀斯特区减少了476.28 hm2,但喀斯特区的减少率高于非喀斯特区;喀斯特区比非喀斯特区景观更加破碎,斑块形状更加分散、复杂,景观异质程度更高。3）研究期内喀斯特区生态系统服务价值减少0.01亿元,非喀斯特区生态系统服务价值增加0.04亿元。其中,有林地的减少对2个区域生态系统服务价值减少的贡献率均为最大,喀斯特区达到78%,非喀斯特区达到83%,水域景观的增加导致2个区域生态系统服务价值增加。     

海洋生态系统压力对状态影响的整体网分析及应用

自然变化及人类活动压力对海洋环境的影响方式和程度是基于生态系统海洋管理研究的重要内容,利用属性数据、基于DPSIR等概念模型进行分析评价难以反映问题的本质。为此,在海洋生态系统压力对状态影响特征分析的基础上,引入整体网方法,利用关系数据进行压力对状态影响的定性和定量分析,用度数中心性、中间中心性、接近中心性表征压力和状态因素在压力-状态网络中的地位和重要性,用影响力指数表征压力因素的重要性和状态因素受影响的程度。利用美国南佛罗里达海域MARES研究项目(the MARine and Estuarine goal Setting project)提供的数据进行实证分析,结果显示该海域12类主要压力因素中,径流注入对区域海洋生态系统状态影响最大,休闲垂钓的影响最小。11个主要状态因素中,保护物种、鱼类和贝类受到的压力影响力最大,是两种最易受到侵害的生态系统状态,上述结论可以为该海域的生态修复工作提供一定的指示。     

八百里洞庭缘何缺水

保护洞庭湖湿地的本质问题是维护和发挥湿地的“地球之肾”功能。为此，一是湿地要有水；二是湿地植物生态系统不被破坏。     

中国区域陆地生态系统土壤呼吸碳排放及其空间格局——基于通量观测的地学统计评估

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统通过根系呼吸和微生物呼吸向大气中释放CO2的过程。研究土壤呼吸的时空格局,将有助于构建区域尺度土壤呼吸定量评价模型,也可提高预测未来气候变化情境下的典型生态系统、区域以及全球尺度碳平衡状况的能力。本文整合了中国区域土壤呼吸的主要研究成果,分析了温度敏感性（Q10）和土壤呼吸（Rs）的统计特征和区域差异,定量评价了中国区域Rs的时空格局及其在中国和全球碳平衡中的作用。通过以上分析本文得出以下主要结论：①不同生态系统类型的土壤呼吸的Q10表现为森林〉农田〉草地,气候越寒冷,土壤呼吸Q10越大,并且中国区域的Q10值相对于其他国家偏低;②Rs具有明显的季节变异,不同生态系统类型的Rs表现为森林〉农田〉草地,并且,中国区域Rs低于全球Rs;③月尺度上Rs随着经纬度发生明显的季节变异,随着经度的增加,Rs的季节变幅也逐渐增加;④1995-2004年中国区域Rs的年总量的平均值为3.84 PgC,占全球土壤CO2排放的比例4.78%。     

From sea to land: assessment of the bio-transport of phosphorus by penguins in Antarctica

In Antarctica, the marine ecosystem is dynamically interrelated with the terrestrial ecosystem. An example of the link between these two ecosystems is the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus. Biovectors, such as penguins, transport phosphorus from sea to land, play a key role in this cycle. In this paper, we selected three colonies of penguins, the most important seabirds in Antarctica, and computed the annual quantity of phosphorus transferred from sea to land by these birds. Our results show that adult penguins from colonies at Ardley Island, the Vestfold Hills, and Ross Island could transfer phosphorus in the form of guano at up to 12 349, 167 036, and 97 841 kg/a, respectively, over their breeding period. These quantities are equivalent to an annual input of 3.96×109–1.63×1010 kg of seawater to the land of Antarctica. Finally, we discuss the impact of phosphorus on the ice-free areas of the Antarctica.     

遥感技术在城市生态系统分析和研究中的应用

概述了遥感技术在城市生态系统研究中的应用及其优越性。回顾了近 30年来国内外城市环境遥感的主要研究内容及成果。介绍了遥感技术在分析城市生态系统时的结构和模型 ,从而为研究不同城市生态系统的发展变化提供了有效的技术方法     

Resource Utilization Pattern and Development in Hills——A Case for the Pindar Basin of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Agrarian system is well adapted in Himalayan eco-system. Hence, the people have adopted the traditional subsistence cereal farming and it becomes the main stay of Himalayan people. About 80 percent of the workable force is attached with agriculture and its allied practices, according to the census of 1991. Although, horticultural farming runs parallel with agriculture, its proportion in terms of land is quite less, resulted in a negligible place in the economy of the region. Human resources, mainly men are attached with national security after recruitment in Army. While, women play a vital and integrated role in maintaining the workable potential in the field of agriculture and are known as backbone of economy. An animal resource implies foremost and wider part in agricultural system and economy as well Water resources are unutilized yet, while almost all the major rivers of our country are originated from and flowing through this region. Increasing population causes forest resources depletion. The economy of the region is rested either on ‘traditional cereal farming‘ or ‘money order based‘ development, which could not take place due to its remoteness from the main streams of the country. The impactof modern technology with innovation in agricultural system remains impracticable due to unwillingness of people in one hand and on the other hand, adversege ographical conditions like topography, climate etc. which could not permit the uses of modern innovation in the field of agriculture. As for infra-structurally, this region is lacked behind, due to its inaccessibility. While, this region is bestowed with numerous rivers, many places for tourists and pilgrims, and huge forest resources. They might be used evenly in thedevelopment processes. The practice of tourism will help for the further development, particularly, in the wake of the newly born state, Uttaranchal. The present paper aims to evaluate the present potentiality of resources and their balanced utilization in the Pindar Basin. A precise study has been done on resource utilization, ecology and environment with keeping view in mind that more or less exploitation of resources could not influence the environment and the economy of the region.     

Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Location and Environment The Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation Station (GAEOS) is located in the Hailuogou Valley (29o36扤,101o53扙), on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga. It consists of the base station (1600 m a.s.l.) in Moxi Town, sub-alpine observatory (3000m a.s.l.) and chemical analysis center in Chengdu. Mt. Gongga with its summit of 7556 m is the highest peak of the Hengduan Mountains. There are remarkable differences in weather, soil and vegetation from low to high along the…