Resource Flows of Villages with Contrasting Lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India

Resource use efficiency analyses of village ecosystem are necessary for effective and efficient planning of resource utilization. This paper deals with economic and energy input-output analyses of different components of village ecosystem in representative buffer zone villages, which are practicing transhumance and settled way of lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） of Garhwal Himalaya. While the villages practicing transhumance used various natural resources spatially segregated,the villages practicing settled way of lifestyle have to manage resources from a limited spatial area through rotation and varied extraction intensities. Forests subsidized the production activity in both type of villages and the per capita resource extractions were found to be greater in tran~humance village than settled village. Though crops provided maximum energy, in terms of economic criteria, animal husbandry played important role in both settled and transhumance villages. As villages representing both the situations showed different ways of adjustments to the conservation oriented land use changes, management authority needs to address the eco-development plans fulfilling the aspirations of all people traditionally using the resources of the Reserve to reduce the conflicts and encourage their participation in the conservation of the area.     

黄河三角洲湿地3年增长20万亩

为有效保护黄河三角洲的湿地生态平衡。近年来，国家通过采取引灌黄河水、沿海修筑围堤、增加湿地淡水存量等措施，切实增强了保护区生态系统的自身调节能力和平衡作用，改善了鸟类的生存环境。经过近3年的改造，已经有超过20万亩的盐碱地变成了湿地资源，促进了国土资源的综合利用。     

青州市地质公园被正式认定为省级地质公园

目前，青州市地质公园建设顺利通过省专家团评审论证，该公园被正式认定为省级地质公园。专家组经考察后认为，青州市地质公园自然风景优美、地质地貌景观遗迹、动植物资源丰富，生态系统完整，特别是仰天山“天然森林公园”内，大量的地表岩溶形态与地下洞穴系统以及岩溶沉积堆积组成的岩溶建造，含信息量大，连续性好，组合性强，是重建古环境的重要物质基础，具有极高的科学价值，建设条件得天独厚。     

当大泽湖的美丽将成往事

湿地湿地指天然或人工形成的沼泽地等带有静止或流动水体的成片浅水区,还包括在低潮时水深不超过6米的水域。湿地与森林、海洋并称全球三大生态系统,在世界各地分布广泛。湿地生态系统中生存着大量动植物,很多湿地被列为自然保护区。     

土地开发整理与土地资源的可持续利用

土地资源是无法替代的重要的自然环境资源,它既是环境的组分,又是其他自然环境资源和社会经济资源的载体,是社会经济发展的基础。从系统论观点看,土地的本质是土地生态系统和土地经济系统在时空上混合而成的生态经济系统,它也是实现可持续发展战略的重要物质基础。     

海岸带土地生态系统服务价值评价及治理保护对策研究——以威海市为例

海岸带地区是经济社会快速发展的区域,同时也面临着生态环境的保护压力,海岸带土地作为经济和生态发展的载体,面临着平衡经济与保护生态的冲突。威海市作为典型的海岸带城市,同样面临着经济发展与生态保护的压力。通过当量因子法评价发现,威海市土地生态系统服务价值整体水平较低,土地的生态可持续性较弱,全市仅有15.3%的土地生态系统服务价值处于中高值。基于评价结果并结合威海市土地生态现状,从山区土地生态、流域土地生态和滨海土地生态提出了治理保护的对策建议,为开展针对性土地整治提供借鉴。     

地球之肾——湿地

“湿地”最早是1956年美国联邦政府开展湿地清查和编目时使用的。1971年2月,由前苏联、加拿大、澳大利亚等36个国家签署的《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》(以下简称《湿地公约》)把湿地定义为:天然或人工的、永久性或暂时性的沼泽地、泥炭地和水域,蓄有静止或流动、淡水或咸水水体,所有季节性或常年积水地段,包括湿草甸、湖泊、河流及泛洪平原、河口三角洲、滩涂、珊瑚礁、红树林、水库、池塘、水稻田以及低潮时水深浅于6米的海岸带等,均属湿地范畴。长期以来,人们并没有把湿地作为一个重要生态系统进行保护,只是把它当作荒滩、荒地、荒水,无限度的开发利用,致使大量的湿地资源遭到破坏。随着人们对湿地作用认知水平的提高,湿地保护越来越受到重视,自1992年加入《湿地公约》,特别是进入新世纪以来,我国湿地保护工作进一步得到加强。     

Integrated and Participatory Research Approaches towards Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mountainous Regions

Mountainous regions cover about 27 per cent of the world’s land surface and are home to some 22 per cent of the global population (UNEP 2002). A much greater number of people depend on mountain environments for a wide range of services, including clean water, energy, timber, biodiversity, recreation, and protection from environmental hazards, such as landslides and floods. At the same time, mountain areas are extremely vulnerable ecosystems and under continuous threat of environmental degrad…     

一类多物种生态模型的稳定性

应用李雅普诺夫直接法研究了一类多物种生态模型的稳定性，给出了系统的局部和全局稳定性的充分条件。     

Mushroom production as an alternative for rural development in a forested mountainous area

Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.