福建三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物污染物特征及生态风险评价

为了解福建三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物污染现状,对三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As)、非金属污染物(有机碳、硫化物、油类、总磷和总氮)含量及氧化还原电位Eh、pH值进行了检测及相关性分析,并应用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行综合评价。结果表明,表层沉积物重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As平均含量分别为20.9、49.9、110.4、0.136、46.6、o.028、6.64 mg/kg,油类、硫化物、有机碳、总磷、总氮平均含量分别为36.5 mg/kg、38.4 mg/kg、0.76%、0.42%、0.12%。Eh变化范围在-178~171 mV之间,平均值为-56.4mV,pH的变化范围在6.74~7.06,均值是6.91。除Cu和Zn外,其他各重金属之间没有显著相关性(P0.05);除重金属Cu与有机碳和总氮、Zn与总氮、Hg与油类之间存在着显著或极显著相关关系外(P0.05),其他重金属与非金属污染物之间相关性均不显著(P0.05);非金属污染物之间相关系数较低;Eh与硫化物呈现显著相关(P0.05)。重金属单因子指数依次为Pb(2.00)Zn(1.38)Cr(0.78)Cu(0.70)As(0.44)Cd(0.27)Hg(0.14),Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr、As为低污染,Pb、Zn为中污染;重金属内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为1.53,属中污染水平。单项重金属潜在生态风险参数依次为Pb(9.98)Cd(8.16)Hg(5.52)As(4.43)Cu(3.49)Cr(1.55)Zn(1.38),潜在生态风险指数(RI)为34.51,属于低潜在生态风险。该滩涂属于两种非金属污染物含量超标中的N、P含量超标亚类。     

国内外海岛承载力研究综述与展望

海岛承载力的研究,对于人类合理开发利用海岛资源、协调经济发展与环境保护的关系、保证海岛可持续发展具有很大的现实意义。文章总结了承载力概念的发展,阐述了承载力与可持续发展理论的关系。可持续发展理论的深入,极大地丰富了承载力的内涵。一方面人们把可持续发展的理念应用于原先对资源或环境因素的承载力研究,另一方面也出现了以区域为对象的可持续承载力研究;其次综述了国内外海岛承载力主要研究方向的进展,国内外学者对海岛旅游环境承载力和海岛生态承载力的理论和方法的研究;最后,通过对比国内外研究得到启示,对我国海岛承载力研究的发展方向提出了几点思考。要在加强海岛生态系统的理论研究的基础上查清海岛生态环境现状,结合景观生态学理论深入海岛承载力研究。     

一部具有理论意义和应用价值的科学论著——评《海岛生态修复与环境保护》

<正>海岛是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是进行海洋科学试验和研究的重要区域,是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,具有非常重要的政治意义、军事价值、社会价值、经济价值、生态价值和科研价值。与此同时,由于地理隔离、恶劣自然环境的作用和土壤的贫瘠以及淡水资源的缺乏等影响。海     

初始几何缺陷对管道极限承载力影响研究

初始几何缺陷被认为是影响管道极限承载力和稳定性的重要因素,但是大部分的管道力学特性研究都没有考虑初始缺陷的影响。基于管道几何尺寸测量机,获得管道的壁厚和直径沿轴向以及环向的分布规律。据此建立了四个三维实体有限元模型,分别为完好管道模型、只考虑直径缺陷的管道模型、只考虑壁厚缺陷的管道模型以及考虑所有缺陷的管道模型。分析了初始缺陷对管道的极限内压承载力、极限轴力承载力和极限弯矩承载力的影响。结果表明,直径缺陷对管道的极限内压承载力影响较大;壁厚缺陷对管道在复杂荷载作用下的极限弯矩承载力影响较大。     

Effects of an artificial oyster shell reef on macrobenthic communities in Rongcheng Bay,East China

An artificial oyster shell reef was deployed in Rongcheng Bay, East China. However, the effects of this reef on the surrounding macrobenthic communities were unknown. We compared sedimentary factors, macrobenthic biomass, abundance, and community composition and ecological indicators between the reef and non-reef areas over a one year period. The mean values for chlorophyll a （Chl a）, total organic matter （TOM）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and total nitrogen （TN） content in surface sediments in the reef area were slightly higher than those in the non-reef area. The Chl a levels differed significantly between the two areas, but the TOM, TOC, and TN were not significantly different. The abundance of crustaceans was significantly different between the two areas, but the abundance and biomass ofpolychaetes, echinoderms, mollusk did not differ significantly. The permutational multivariate analysis of variance （PERMANOVA） revealed that the macrobenthic community differed significantly through time and analysis of similarity multivariate analyses （ANOSIM） revealed that the macrobenthic community differed significantly in some months. The ecological indicators revealed that the environmental quality of the reef area was slightly better than that of the non-reef area. Overall, our results suggest that the artificial oyster shell reef may change the macrobenthic community and the quality of the environment. Despite the lack of an effect in the short term, long-term monitoring is still needed to evaluate the effects of artificial oyster shell reefs on macrobenthic communities.     

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.     

以“三中全会”精神为指引 切实强化国土资源管理

正十八届三中全会上,习近平同志提出:健全国土空间开发、资源节约利用、生态环境保护的体制机制,推动形成人与自然和谐发展现代化建设新格局。作为国土资源部门的工作人员来说,认真学好十八届三中全会精神并贯彻落实到具体工作中去,意义十分重要。一是大力推进资源的节约利用。要节约集约利用资源,推动资源利用方式根本转变,加强全过程节约管理,大幅降低能源、土地消耗强度,提高利用效率和效益。严守耕地保     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

国土视野

正第一次全国地理国情普查工作进展顺利2014年,国家测绘地理信息局将按照"聚焦生态文明、全力推进普查、加强质量管理、夯实监测基础"的思路深入推进普查工作,计划到今年年底,累计完成全国960万平方千米普查底图制作、900万平方千米外业调查与核查、600万平方千米内业编辑整理与省级普查数据集入库检查和400万平方千米基本数据预统计。     

新体系下绿色矿山将迸发新活力

正在10月21日举行的矿业可持续发展论坛上,在来自国土资源部、地方政府、矿山企业、科研单位以及科技公司的代表达成共识,那就是中国矿业转型绿色发展是新常态下的必由之路。或许一次论坛无法解决我国矿业转型发展中的所有问题,但通过该论坛,亦可窥到当前矿业生态领域正在发生的巨变与蓬勃生机。