澳大利亚季风对日照和植被的敏感性

夏季季风是全球气候体系的一个最有活力的要素。在第四纪年代表上,季风强度的变化取决于：①太阳日照量分布的变化;②海平面和海水表面温度(SST)的冰期-亚冰期循环。澳大利亚季风是亚洲季风的一个温和的成分,它主导着整个澳大利亚北部的水气平衡。目前,北部海岸地区的夏季降雨量超过1000mm,但是向内陆迅速减少至不足300mm。     

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪一第四纪过渡期

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳 大利亚早第三纪的特征。一直到始新世,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚,印-澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局致使晚第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。     

运行在澳大利亚东南部的一个地震快速响应系统

地震监测系统有集中式记录系统,也有分散式记录系统,它们各有优缺点。警报系统必须把数据遥测发往记录中心。然而,对一些应用来说,将两种方式的优点加以结合将是最佳的选择。一次大地震发生后,地震的位置和震级对应急权威机构和大型建筑如大坝或电站的拥有者来说用处有限。他们更关心的是地震可能造成的影响,以及应该做什么。这些有用的信息应尽快提供出来,最好在地震后几分钟内。由地震学家提供的灾害信息(地震的位置、震级和衰减)与由权威机构提供的易损性信息(财产的位置、易损性和重要性、任务和优先级)相结合来确定以强度估计地震的影响和以优先顺序排列的任务表。此系统还可以用于对用户进行有关地震可能影响方面的培训。     

Abrupt uplift of Tibetan Plateau a t the end of early Pleistocene and Australasian impact event

The latest sharp uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains occurred at the end of the early Pleistocene. The uplift of the Plateau resulted from Late Mesozoic－Cenozoic comp ressional structure due to the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Asian continent. This event definitively effected the formation of basin-mountain relief, Cenozoic basin deformation, large scale aridity and desertification of western China. The Australasian meteorites impact event happened ca. 0.8 Ma ago, located in the triangle area of the Indian Ocean ridge (20°S/67°E) . The impact may have resulted in an acceleration of speeding of the Indian Ocean ridge pushing the Indian Plate to subduct rapidly northward. Thus, the impact event can give reasonable explanation for the dynamic background of the latest rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the continental deformation of western China and even of the Middle Asia.     

首届厦门国际城市环境论坛召开

由中国科学院城市环境研究所、国际可持续发展杂志社、厦门市科学技术局共同主办的首届厦门国际城市环境论坛于2007年11月28-29日在厦门召开.除我国科研工作者外,还有来自联合国亚太经社会、美国、英国、挪威、澳大利亚、德国、新西兰、菲律宾等国的城市环境研究、管理专家近100人.本次大会的主题是"中国的城市环境问题与解决方法".     

发展新一代矿产勘探技术——澳大利亚玻璃地球计划的启示

在全球矿产勘查日益萎缩的今天，人们极为重视发展新一代大型矿床的勘探技术。澳大利亚最近开展了一项雄心勃勃的计划，即玻璃地球计划，目的是研制三维可视化和地质模拟等技术，使大陆表层一千米“像玻璃一样透明”。该计划以信息技术为核心，注重技术之间的综合。从中得到的启示是，应以提高精度为出发点，加强矿产勘查技术综合示范工作；以信息技术为核心，大力发展三维可视化技术和模拟技术；注重多部门的协作，发挥社会主义集中力量办大事的优越性。     

澳大利亚造山型金矿和侵入岩有关金矿系统流体包裹体资料和矿化过程的比较

We have examined the fluid inclusion data and fluid chemistry of Australian orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits to determine if similar mineralization processes apply to both styles of deposits.The fluid inclusion data from the Yilgarn craton,the western subprovince of the Lachlan orogen,the Tanami,Tennant Creek and Pine Creek regions,and the Telfer gold mine show that mineralization involved fluids with broadly similar major chemical components(i.e.H_2O NaCl CO_2±CH_4±N_2).These deposits formed over a wide range of temperature-pressure conditions(<200 to>500℃,<100～400MPa).Low salinity, CO_2-bearing inclusions and low salinity aqueous inclusions occur in both systems but the main difference between these two types of deposits is that most intrusion-related gold deposits also contain at least one population of high-salinity aqueous brine.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for both styles of deposit usually cannot distinguish between a magmatic or metamorphic source for the ore-bearing fluids.However,sulfur and lead isotope data for the intrusion-related gold deposits generally indicate either a magmatic source or mixing between magmatic and sedimentary sources of fluid.The metamorphic geothermal gradients associated with intrusion-related gold deposits are characterized by low pressure,high temperature metamorphism and high crustal geothermal gradients of>30/km.Where amphibole breakdown occurs in a granite source region,the spatially related deposits are more commonly associated with Cu-Au deposits rather than Au-only deposits that are associated with lower temperature granites.The dominant processes thought to cause gold precipitation in both types of deposits are fluid-rock interaction(e.g.desulfidation)or phase separation.Consideration of the physical and chemical properties of the H_2O-NaCl-CO_2 system on the nature of gold precipitation mechanisms at different crustal levels infers different roles of chemical(fluid-rock interaction)versus rheological(phase separation and/or fluid mixing)host-rock controls on gold deposition.This also implies that at the site of deposition,similar precipitation mechanisms operate at similar crustal levels for both orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits.