Effect of water temperature on digestive enzyme activity and gut mass in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka）, with special reference to aestivation

The effect of water temperature on gut mass and digestive enzyme activity in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, including relative gut mass (RGM), amylase, lipase, pepsin and trypsin activities were studied at temperatures of 7, 14, 21, and 28°C over a period of 40 days. Results show that RGM significantly decreased after 40 days at 21°C and markedly decreased over the whole experiment period at 28°C; however, no significant effect of duration was observed at 7 or 14°C. At 14°C, trypsin activity significantly decreased over 10 and 20 days, then increased; amylase and trypsin activity significantly decreased after 40 days at 28°C. However, no significant effect of duration was found on amylase, pepsin or trypsin activities in the other temperature treatment groups. At 28°C, lipase activity peaked in 20 days and then markedly decreased to a minimum at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, pepsin activity at 28°C continuously increased over the whole experimental period. Principle component analysis showed that sea cucumbers on day 40 in the 21°C group and in the previous 20 days in the 28°C group were in the prophase of aestivation. At 28°C, sea cucumbers aestivated at 30–40 days after the start of the experiment. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on the digestion of A. japonicus is comparatively weak within a specific range of water temperatures and aestivation behavior is accompanied by significant changes in RGM and digestive enzyme activities.     

超低温冷冻对长鳍篮子鱼精子中几种酶活性的影响

研究超低温冷冻保存(-196℃)对长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)精子内总ATP酶、肌酸激酶(CK)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)等酶活性的影响.运用试剂盒分别测定了冷冻前后长鳍篮子鱼精子内几种酶活性的变化.结果表明,经过超低温冷冻保存后,精子内GR活性显著升高(P<0.05),酶活性从冻前的163.54 U/L±17.14 U/L上升到239.33 U/L±22.24U/L;其余7种酶的活性均显著下降(P<0.05),超低温冷冻对长鳍篮子鱼精子内不同酶活性和精子活力均有较大影响.     

南极细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.胞外多糖提高刺参免疫力的研究

为了探讨微生物多糖剂量效应在水产动物对不良环境刺激反应中的作用,本研究利用从南极冰海水中分离得到的南极细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.3-3-1-2产生的胞外多糖,采用注射不同浓度的胞外多糖溶液的方式处理刺参,定期记录其生长状况并测定体腔液免疫相关指标的变化。结果表明,南极细菌胞外多糖处理后的刺参保护率升高,即较高浓度(4mg/mL)的细菌多糖可以有效降低刺参的死亡率。细菌多糖可以降低体腔液中MDA含量,虽然体腔液ACP、CAT和SOD活性在处理前期有所受到抑制,但是试验后期细菌多糖处理明显增强了上述免疫酶活性,以保护细胞免受氧自由基诱导的氧化损伤。处理过程中刺参体腔液的溶菌酶活性降低,但是细菌多糖的处理减弱了溶菌酶活性下降的幅度。此外,与2mg/mL处理组相比,4mg/mL处理组对刺参体腔液免疫酶的促进作用稍弱,但无显著差异。研究结果表明,极地细菌胞外多糖可对刺参产生一定的免疫保护作用,从而提高刺参逆境下的生长活力。     

不同蛋白水平饲料对刺参生长和消化酶活性的影响

通过在刺参饲料中添加不同含量的鱼粉,调节饲料中蛋白水平,测定不同蛋白水平对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)消化酶活性的影响,以稳定同位素分析技术研究刺参对不同食物组分的吸收效率。实验分6个饲料处理组,鱼粉添加量分别为0(A组)、2%(B组)、5%(C组)、10%(D组)、15%(E组)和20%(F组)。实验过程中,分别于初始时间、第一周、第二周、第四周、第八周和第十二周采集刺参样品,测定刺参的特定生长率、稳定同位素13 C/12 C、15 N/14 N值和消化酶活性。结果显示:D组刺参的特定生长率最高,且与C组无显著差异(P0.05),F组显著低于其它组(P0.05);D组鱼粉对刺参的食物贡献率最高,显著高于其它组(P0.05);消化酶活性方面,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均为C组最高,且在饲养过程中,蛋白酶活性一直呈上升趋势,而淀粉酶活性则是先下降后上升。从刺参生长、鱼粉食物贡献率和消化酶活性综合考虑,鱼粉添加量在5%~10%最利于刺参生长。     

Effects of Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the growth and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas

The effects of a diet containing Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on growth and digestive enzyme activity were estimated in juvenile Apostichopus japonicus. Groups of sea cucumbers were fed diets containing H. opuntiae C21 at 0(control), 10 4, 10 5, and 10 6 CFU(colony-forming units)/g feed. Results showed that after 45 d the specific growth rate(SGR) of sea cucumbers fed a C21-supplemented diet at 10 4 CFU/g feed was significantly higher than that of the control( P 0.05). Intestinal trypsin and lipase activities were significantly enhanced by C21 administration at 10 4 and 10 5 CFU/g feed compared with the control( P 0.05). After feeding for 23–42 d, C21 was demonstrated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to be present in the intestine of sea cucumbers. In addition, after feeding the C21-supplemented diets for 15 d, the sea cucumbers were switched to an unsupplemented diet and C21 was confirmed to be capable of colonizing the intestine for at least 31 d after cessation of feeding. In conclusion, C21 was shown to successfully colonize the intestine of juvenile A. japonicus via dietary supplementation, and improve growth and digestive enzyme activity.     

Effects of rice straw on the cell viability,photosynthesis, and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

Rice straw is supposed to be an environment-friendly biomaterial for inhibiting the growth of harmful blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. However, its potential mechanism is not well known. To explore this mechanism, the growth, cell viability （esterase activity, membrane potential, and membrane integrity）, photosynthesis, and cell size ofM. aeruginosa were determined using flow cytometry and Phyto-PAM after exposure to rice straw extracts （RSE）. The results show that doses from 2.0 to 10.0 g/L of RSE efficiently inhibited the alga for 15 days, while the physiologic and morphologic responses of the cyanobacteria were time-dependent. RSE interfered with the cell membrane potential, cell size, and in vivo chlorophyll-a fluorescence on the first day. After 7 days of exposure, RSE was transported into the cytosol, which disrupted enzyme activity and photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria then started to repair its physiology （enzyme activity, photosynthesis） and remained viable, suggesting that rice straw act as an algistatic agent.     

黄海冷水团海域浮游植物磷胁迫的季节变动

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.     

Effect of sodium chloride and cadmium on the growth,oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast species capable of removing cadmium(Cd) pollutant from aqueous solution. Presently, the physiological characteristics of Z. rouxii under the stress of sodium chloride(NaCl) and Cd are poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of NaCl and Cd on the growth, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii after stress treatment for 24 h. Results showed that NaCl or Cd alone negatively affected the growth of Z. rouxii, but the growth-inhibiting effect of Cd on Z. rouxii was reduced in the presence of NaCl. Flow cytometry assay showed that under Cd stress, NaCl significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and cell death of Z. rouxii compared with those in the absence of NaCl. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and peroxidase(POD) of Z. rouxii were significantly enhanced by 2%–6% NaCl, which likely contributed to the high salt tolerance of Z. rouxii. The POD activity was inhibited by 20 mg L-1Cd while the SOD and CAT activities were enhanced by 8 mg L-1 Cd and inhibited by 20 mg L-1 or 50 mg L-1 Cd. The inhibitory effect of high-level Cd on the antioxidant enzyme activities of Z. rouxii was counteracted by the combined use of NaCl, especially at 6%. This probably accounted for the decrease in Cd-induced ROS production and cell death of Z. rouxii after incubation with NaCl and Cd. Our work provided physiological clues as to the use of Z. rouxii as a biosorbent for Cd removal from seawater and liquid highly salty food.     

几种益生菌对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及消化酶活性的影响

作者以初体质量为(4.80±0.11)g 的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为研究对象,在循环水水族箱中进行60 d 饲喂实验,研究饵料中添加单一益生菌和复合益生菌对大菱鲆生长及消化道酶活性的影响.以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌...