TRANSPORT OF GRAVELS WITH DIFFERENT RANGES OF GRAIN SIZES IN A STEEP CHANNEL

An understanding of the transport mechanism of gravel-bed rivers is very important for the river management and engineering works. The main objective of this study was to conduct a series of laboratory experiment in a steep flume to investigate the particle segregation and the transport rate of nonuniform gravel. Median sizes of 15 mm and 7.5 mm, and gradation coefficients of 1.5 and 2.0 were selected for the particle size distributions of nonuniform gravel. In addition to the 36 sets of data collected in this study, 635 sets of existing data for gravel with both nonuniform and nearly uniform sizes were analyzed. According to the results of the sieve analysis and the related theory, hiding functions for both particle size distributions of this study were derived. An attempt was made to develop an Einstein-type transport relationship for nonuniform gravel using dimensionless parameters with mean size as a representative particle size. A modified Schoklitsch-type sediment transport equation with a critical unit flow discharge was also developed to reasonably predict the transport rate of gravels. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model with a back-propagation network (BPN) algorithm was also applied in this study.     

河床地区地气测量找隐伏断裂

在四川省石亭江地区隐伏断裂构造的地面解译过程中,当地特殊的河床、河滩地貌限制了常规物化探方法的应用。而通过积累式地气测量成功获取了当地隐伏断裂的位置和宽度信息。不仅验证了遥感解译对隐伏断裂预测的可靠性,还给出了更精确的定位信息,为当地地热资源勘查提供了重要帮助。在河床、河滩地区,积累式地气采样克服了常规物化探方法的局限性,表现出较好的环境适应性和实用性。     

水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场及河岸崩塌问题研究

针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。     

Effects of riverbed scour on seismic performance of high-rise pile cap foundation

To explore the seismic performance of a high-rise pile cap foundation with riverbed scour, a finite element model for foundations is introduced in the OpenSees finite element framework. In the model, a fiber element is used to simulate the pile shaft, a nonlinear p-y element is used to simulate the soil-pile interaction, and the p-factor method is used to reflect the group effects. A global and local scour model is proposed, in which two parameters, the scour depth of the same row of piles and the difference in the scour depth of the upstream pile and the downstream pile, are included to study the influence of scour on the foundation. Several elasto-plastic static pushover analyses are performed on this finite element model. The analysis results indicate that the seismic capacity (or supply) of the foundation is in the worst condition when the predicted deepest global scout depth is reached, and the capacity becomes larger when the local scour depth is below the predicted deepest global scout depth. Therefore, to evaluate the seismic capacity of a foundation, only the predicted deepest global scout depth should be considered. The method used in this paper can be also applied to foundations with other soil types.     

床面稳定性条件在永定新河河床演变计算中的应用

本文通过对悬移质不平衡车沙方程的深入研究,认为河床的冲淤变化不仅取决于河道水流的挟沙能力,还应受到床面稳定性的影响,从而进一步引入了床面失稳流速的概念,并把它们应用到永定新河河床冲瘀演变模型计算之中,计算结果与实测值有良好的符合效果。     

汉江兴隆水利枢纽下游近坝河段枯水位下降及成因分析

汉江兴隆水利枢纽运行后,坝下游近坝段枯水位较建坝前下降明显,500~800 m³/s流量下,2021年较运行前坝下水位累计下降2.47~2.55 m,对工程安全及效益发挥带来不利影响。基于水文、断面、水下地形等观测资料,对枯水位下降的原因进行深入剖析。结果表明,兴隆水利枢纽的拦沙作用有限,皇庄以上沙量减少是兴隆以下河床冲刷加剧的重要原因,高水调平导致的年内枯水上滩几率下降和航道整治护滩工程是强冲刷过程中“滩淤槽冲”的核心因素。坝下游河段枯水河槽冲刷及汉口最低水位下降是造成兴隆近坝段枯水位下降的直接原因。随机森林算法分析显示,对兴隆坝下水位变化影响最大的因素为兴隆站输沙率的锐减。此外,航道整治工程、河床边界条件对枯水位下降也有十分重要的驱动作用。兴隆坝址及下游河段的河床组成偏细,2012-2022年虽然河床剧烈冲刷,但床沙组成没有出现粗化的现象,预计河床仍将继续冲刷下切,枯水位尚未达到稳定状态。     

三峡工程运用后荆江河段崩岸时空分布及其对河床调整的影响

三峡工程运用后长江中游荆江河段河床持续冲刷,局部河段崩岸频发,影响河道内悬沙输移与河床形态调整.本研究采用实测长程河道地形及固定断面地形资料,确定了2002-2018年荆江河段的主要崩岸区域,估算了崩岸土体的泥沙总量,进而定量分析了河岸崩退对河床调整的影响.计算结果表明:荆江段累计河岸崩退体积约为2.0亿m3,约占该河...     

河床粗化过程中推移质输移特征试验研究

为了研究河床粗化破坏与形成过程中推移质的输移特征,基于一套新型的接沙系统,在上游无来沙条件下,进行了3组不同床沙级配的水槽试验,研究了递增梯级流量作用下河床粗化破坏与形成的过程,采集到一套高精度（0.1 g）、高频率（1 Hz）的实时推移质输沙率及分时段输沙级配数据,分析了累积输沙量、输沙率及输沙级配的变化特征。结果表明,粗化过程中累积输沙量随时间基本呈幂函数规律增长,且"粗化破坏再形成"的累积输沙量曲线出现明显转折点;推移质输沙率表现出明显的非恒定性,其粗化形成阶段的耗时要远大于粗化破坏阶段的时间,两者之比范围为3.5~20.5;推移质输沙级配中粗颗粒比例随时间变化趋势与输沙率相似,在输沙率达到峰值附近时,输沙级配与原始床沙级配相同。     

湖南湘潭縣洪塘附近之白砂井礫石層

緒言民國二十七年五月初本所有長潭工業區地質調查計劃,由本所及湖南地質調查所同人分幅調查。著者担任湘潭以南之洪塘幅,五月九日前往工作。所用地形圖,係湖南陸軍測量局民國四年所测製者,縮尺爲二萬五千分之一,等高線距爲十公尺     

再论水进型三角洲——兼论四川盆地须家河组巨厚砂层成因

上世纪80年代初笔者根据现代长江三角洲考察中发现的"海进河床充填砂体",结合其他考察资料和古代砂体特征,建立了"水进型三角洲"模式。30余年来,越来越多的资料表明这个模式是正确的。目前普遍使用的"水下分流河道",经长江三角洲、云南洱海、内蒙岱海等现代沉积考察和大量卫星照片分析表明并不存在。而据旋回地层学、层序地层学等理论分析,水进型沉积是广泛发育的,水槽模拟实验也证实有水进期三角洲发育,因此笔者认为应以水进河床砂微相取代现今普遍误用的水下分流河道砂微相。四川盆地须家河组的须二、四段巨厚且大面积分布的砂岩是由三角洲平原各分支河道(分支河道砂)、前缘河口进积型(河口坝砂)和退积型沉积(水进河床砂)反复叠加,加上河道侧向迁移摆动与各个三角洲体相互拼接连片而成的。水进型三角洲多形成于湖、海水面上升期,地壳运动、气候变化、特殊地质事件、地形地貌以及沉积速率等都可能引起水面升降,当水面上升时常常形成水进型沉积。