说说水循环之流域水文模型

水文模型一直是水文学研究的一个重点,尤其是近几十年来,随着人们在防洪减灾、水库调度、生态环境保护、水资源开发利用、城市规划等方面涉及的水资源问题日益突出,水文模型作为水资源定量评价、配置、开发和利用的一种重要工具的功能被进一步强化,这一点在流域水文模型上尤其明显。     

The standards for skill assessment of operational marine forecast system

To support navigational and environmental applications in coastal waters, marine opera- tional forecast models must be developed and implemented. A forecast model must guarantee that it is scientifically sound and practically robust for performance and must meet or excel all target frequencies or durations before being released to the public. This paper discusses the standard policies and procedures for evaluation of operational marine forecast models. The primary variables to be evaluated are water lev- els, currents and water density (water temperature and salinity).     

Ecohydrology from Concepts to On-ground Actions： Report of Special Side Event on Ecohydrology--An Interdisciplinary Challenge, January 5-7, 2009 in Bangkok, Thailand

International Hydrological Programme Ⅶ (IHP-Ⅶ) directs the research objectives of hydrologists all over the world from 2008 to 2013. As a key programme contributed to the IHP Ⅶ, UNESCO's Ecohydrology Programme (EHP) has evolved into a trans-disciplinary scientific programme to analyze dynamic relationships between hydrological, social and ecological systems. Twenty international experts from 12 countries were invited by UNESCO to attend the side event on "Ecohydrology--An Interdisciplinary Challenge" in Bangkok, Thailand. It aimed to synthesize knowledge gaps for addressing issues related to critical water systems. This event focused on how better knowledge of the interrelationships between the hydrological cycle, livelihoods and ecosystems could be contributed to more cost-effective and environmental-friendly management. The five themes of the event with 20 keynote lectures were given as fellows.     

Effect of Temporal Resolution of NDVI on Potential Evapotranspiration Estimation and Hydrological Model Performance

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, obtained from remote sensing information, are essential in the Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W) model for estimation of evapotranspiration. In order to study the effect of temporal resolution of NDVI on potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimation and hydrological model performance, monthly and 10-day NDVI data set were used to estimate potential evapotranspiration from January 1985 to December 1987 in Huangnizhuang catchment, Anhui Province, China. The differences of the two calculation results were analyzed and used to drive the block-wise use of the TOPMODEL with the Muskingum-Cunge routing (BTOPMC) model to test the effect on model performance. The results show that both annual and monthly PETs estimated by 10-day NDVI are lower than those estimated by monthly NDVI. Annual PET from the vegetation root zone (PETr) lowers 9.77%-13.64% and monthly PETr lowers 3.28%-17.44% in the whole basin. PET from the vegetation interception (PETi) shows the same trend as PETr. In addition, temporal resolution of NDVI has more effect on PETr in summer and on PETi in winter. The correlation between PETr as estimated by 10-day NDVI and pan measurement (R2= 0.835) is better than that between monthly NDVI and pan measurement (R2 = 0.775). The two potential evapotranspiration estimates were used to drive the BTOPMC model and calibrate parameters, and model performance was found to be similar. In summary, the effect of temporal resolution of NDVI on potential evapotranspiration estimation is significant, but trivial on hydrological model performance.     

金门岛上污染源对沿岸水质之影响

１９９２年９月至１９９３年５月之间，每月于金门岛附近海域进行之水文及水质探测结果显示，浯江溪流域之污染量最大，但入海口的水质却非最差，可能是入海口处之红树林净化了水质。东林及酒厂两站，分别含有最高之氮及磷，其中东林的氮污染可能来自九龙江，而酒厂的磷污染则由金门本岛而来。     

遥感水文模型研究综述

遥感水文模型是水文学与遥感学的交叉领域,既包括水循环要素遥感反演模型,也包括以水文过程模拟分析为对象的遥感水文模型。本文汇总分析20世纪70年代以来遥感在水文方面应用成果,综述遥感水文模型研究历史、现状及发展趋势。研究表明,20世纪70年代以来遥感水文模型就一直是遥感水文的热点;中国在遥感水文研究兴起之时就与国际上同步,在遥感水文的概念认知、遥感与水文相结合的科学认识,以及遥感水文模型的研发应用等诸多方面做出了探索性的成果。随着信息技术发展,结合多重信息采集手段,围绕遥感径流监测、多传感器智能物联网、缺资料区水文分析和流域水量—水质—水生态精细化模拟等重大实际问题是遥感水文模型发展的趋势。     

RELATION BETWEEN PRECIPITATIONAND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE DASHA RIVER WATERSHED

The study on sediment production and its relationship with climatic and hydrological factors in watershed is a major environment issue of concern in the international community. Based on the observational records covering the period from 1954 to 1999, the characteristics of precipitation changing over the Dasha River Watershed in Anhui Province and its relation to sediment yield were studied using tendency analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed that the precipitation of the Dasha River Watershed has high variability. In those 46 years, 34% of spring rainfall, 58% of summer rainfall and 30% of annual rainfall will be considered anomaly. The gray correlation analysis shows that sediment discharge correlates most closely with the frequency of the rainstorm with a daily precipitation above 100mm, secondly with the frequency of the rainstorm with a daily precipitation of 50-100mm, and thirdly with the number of rainy days. Their correlation coefficients are 0.98,0.90 and 0.85 respectively. In addition,the paper suggests the major countermeasures and methods for controlling of soil and water losses in this area.