耗散作用对大气中声波传播影响的数值研究

通过结合保色散关系空间差分格式和Runge-Kutta时间格式的数值方法,研究了耗散作用对声波传播的影响.结果表明,耗散的不均匀性会同时影响声波的传播轨迹和传输损耗.不均匀的耗散会使得波包上部和下部承受不同程度的衰减,造成波包能量中心向弱耗散方向移动,使波包能量中心的传播轨迹发生偏折.与此同时,声波的传输损耗也受到了改变：与无耗散情况相比,声波的几何扩散衰减受到抑制;与均一耗散情况相比,声波的大气声吸收明显减小.由于声波衰减系数与声波频率的平方成正比,耗散作用使声波传播具有色散性质.不均匀耗散对于声波波包能量中心传播轨迹的偏折作用随频率的增加而增强.     

基于蚁群算法的水下传感网网络生存期延长策略研究

随着海洋强国战略的推进和实施,水下传感器网络广泛应用于海洋资源探测、污染监测、辅助导航和水下军事侦察等领域,具有十分重要的意义。由于水下传感器所携电池充电或更换困难,如何减小传输能耗、在传感器能量受限的情况下提升网络生存期是亟须解决的关键问题之一。据此,提出了一种动态蚁群路由算法,考虑了每次传输后的节点剩余能量,作为路径优化的条件之一,基于蚁群算法在每次传输中选择最优路径,并在每次传输完成后更新路由表,让更多的节点参与信息传输,以提高节点的利用率。仿真结果表明：动态蚁群路由算法同时兼顾了能耗平衡和最小传输能耗,大大提高了网络生存期。分析结果对水下传感器网络的路由协议设计有一定的参考意义。     

人类活动对近海环境资源的损耗及其货币化评估

近海是人类开发利用海洋最集中的地带,在进行规划、管理和决策时,考虑近海环境资源的投入,是促使近海环境资源与社会经济协调、持续发展的一项重要措施,而对人类活动对近海环境资源的损耗加以货币化评估则是其重要的前提。文章在阐述近海环境资源损耗货币化评估的必要性的基础上,从近海实物资源、空间资源和环境服务功能的开发利用入手,分析了人类活动对近海环境资源造成的损耗,进而探讨了其货币化评估方法和计量模型。     

Experimental Research on Wave Transmission over Submerged Rubble Mound Breakwaters

This paper discusses some previous, and presents some new experimental results on wave transmission over submerged breakwaters. The objective of this study is to evaluate wave transmission coefficient and develop a two-dimensional （2D） model as an improvement to the existing wave transmission coefficient models. Factors which affect wave transmission over stbmerged breakwaters are discussed through a series of laboratory experiments. Basic recommendations for evaluation and design of submerged rubble-monud breakwaters are presented. From the test results, a calculation formula of wave transmission coefficient is proposed.     

Impact of increasing stratospheric water vapor on ozone depletion and temperature change

Using a detailed, fully coupled chemistry climate model (CCM), the effect of increasing stratospheric H_{2O on ozone and temperature is investigated. Different CCM time-slice runs have been performed to investigate the chemical and radiative impacts of an assumed 2 ppmv increase in H2O. The chemical effects of this H2O increase lead to an overall decrease of the total column ozone (TCO) by ～1% in the tropics and by a maximum of 12% at southern high latitudes. At northern high latitudes, the TCO is increased by only up to 5% due to stronger transport in the Arctic. A 2-ppmv H2O increase in the model's radiation scheme causes a cooling of the tropical stratosphere of no more than 2 K, but a cooling of more than 4 K at high latitudes. Consequently, the TCO is increased by about 2%--6%. Increasing stratospheric H2O, therefore, cools the stratosphere both directly and indirectly, except in the polar regions where the temperature responds differently due to feedbacks between ozone and H2O changes. The combined chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O may give rise to more cooling in the tropics and middle latitudes but less cooling in the polar stratosphere. The combined effects of H2O increases on ozone tend to offset each other, except in the Arctic stratosphere where both the radiative and chemical impacts give rise to increased ozone. The chemical and radiative effects of increasing H2O cause dynamical responses in the stratosphere with an evident hemispheric asymmetry. In terms of ozone recovery, increasing the stratospheric H2O is likely to accelerate the recovery in the northern high latitudes and delay it in the southern high latitudes. The modeled ozone recovery is more significant between 2000--2050 than between 2050--2100, driven mainly by the larger relative change in chlorine in the earlier period.}     

北极臭氧损耗对初春东亚中高纬地区地面气温影响的观测分析

利用1948—2007年NCEP/NCAR月平均2m地面气温再分析资料、3月北极涛动（AO）指数和春季臭氧含量资料,采用合成分析方法分析了北极臭氧损耗对初春东亚中高纬地区地面气温的影响。结果表明,臭氧低（高）值年,3月东亚中高纬地区地面气温存在正（负）异常。4月的与3月类似,但气温异常的幅度减小,中心位置也有所变化。对...     

四阵元微带天线阵列试制与测试

将阵列天线放置于射电望远镜焦平面处,结合波束合成网络,可以同时观测一片天区,实现更大的视场覆盖。由于需要对各个阵元的幅度和相位进行调控,阵列天线实际就是一个小型相控阵,因此在做阵列设计时,除了需要结合反射面焦面场分布及望远镜拟实现的视场以外,阵列自身的性能验证可以参照传统相控阵进行。设计并加工了工作在1.27 GHz的2×2矩形排布的微带贴片天线阵列,阵元间距为0.7倍波长。经实测,各端口S11均在-10 dB以下,4阵元合成后波束增益为12.54 dBi,通过为对应阵元添加理论偏移30^°的延时线,实测阵列的波束扫描角度为28.3^°。上述实测数据与仿真结果相比虽略有差异,这和阵列加工及馈电端口焊接有关,但相关工作为之后更多阵元的阵列天线设计、研制及测试积累了经验,尤其对性能验证具有较高的指导意义。     

一种减少开关损耗的变频控制技术

讨论了一种减小反激变换器开关损耗的变频控制技术。该技术使得反激变换器工作在临界的完全能量转换(DCM)状态，负载可以有较大的变化范围；同时也提高了变换器的效率。     

北极臭氧损耗对东亚中高纬地区初春地面气温影响的转折点分析

利用奇异值分解、合成分析和变点检测等统计方法,集中分析了北极臭氧损耗对东亚中高纬度地区初春地面气温的影响。结果表明:(1)受北极臭氧损耗影响而气温变化显著的区域为东亚中高纬度地区,与臭氧损耗关系最密切的地面气温空间模态是以贝加尔湖西北为中心的暖异常。(2)北极臭氧损耗对地面气温的影响不仅仅体现在空间上,还体现在时间上。除了贝加尔湖西北—东西伯利亚大片区域外,我国华北和西北也存在显著的负异常提前进入暖季。(3)臭氧损耗对关键区域的气温突变点影响的幅度很大,约在3～5天,这对复杂的3月气温短期预测起到重要的参考意义。