广西姑婆山里松花岗岩中闪长质包体的地球化学特征及其成因探讨

广西姑婆山里松花岗岩中广泛发育有大量的闪长质包体,包体的野外地质特征、显微结构、矿物组合及化学组成等特征显示其岩浆快速结晶成因。它们的主量元素在相关图上呈不同程度的直线变异关系。在微量元素方面,包体和寄主花岗岩都富含大离子亲石元素和高场强元素。用锆石饱和温度和角闪石成分估算了包体和寄主花岗岩结晶的温度和压力表明,它们的结晶温度和压力条件相近,分别在793—824℃和（3．5—5．1）×10^8Pa范围内。岩石学和同位素地球化学特征也表明,里松包体和寄主花岗岩基本同时结晶,但壳幔比例和来源有所不同。这些特征总体上说明了里松闪长质包体可能是两种岩浆混合时不完全消化的产物     

云南白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床铂族元素地球化学及其对矿床成因的制约

采用镍硫火试金ICP-MS法分析了白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床矿石及其主要围岩铂族元素(PGE)含量,结果表明铂族元素总量(ΣPGE)普遍较低,且ΣPGE由矿床核部的块状矿石(78.15×10-9~555.92×10-9)向外围矿化橄榄岩(6.77×10-9~70.95×10-9)至辉长岩(3.02×10-9)逐步降低。煌斑岩脉岩的ΣPGE也较低,为6.86×10-9~17.03×10-9。ΣPGE与Ni含量呈明显的正相关。不同种类岩石和矿石的PGE原始地幔配分模式明显不同,块状矿石为Pt-Pd配分型,Ir较明显亏损;矿化橄榄岩配分曲线较平坦,IPGE和PPGE分异不明显,但均出现Ru正异常。辉长岩样品和煌斑岩PGE配分模式几乎一致,也均出现明显的Ru正异常。矿石和围岩的Cu/Pd值远高于原始地幔,表明原生岩浆发生了较强的硫化物熔离作用。块状富镍矿石的(Pt+Pd)/(Os+Ir+Ru)和Pd/Ir分别为138.24和24.7,指示其母岩浆为演化较为彻底的玄武质岩浆,而矿化橄榄岩的相应值分别为3.02和16.09,具有科马提质岩浆的特征参数,因此白马寨块状矿石和矿化橄榄岩之间可能没有成因联系。块状硫化物熔体侵位前,其母岩浆经历过长时间强烈的硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔浆作为独立的侵入相而侵入于III号岩体核部。这个过程反映了峨眉山地幔柱尾部岩浆演化和成矿可能经历过高度的S饱和过程。白马寨矿床形成过程中可能受到地壳物质的混染。     

岩浆运移动力学及其研究进展

岩浆运移动力学是岩浆动力学的重要分支领域,研究内容包括5个方面：运移方式、运移通道、运移途径、运移动力与运移过程的成矿作用。就这5方面的研究进展进行了系统回顾,对尚待进一步研究的科学问题进行了归纳与总结,指出浮力不是弹性岩石圈岩浆运移上升的驱动力,而上地幔岩浆运移方式、弹性岩石圈岩浆往上运移驱动力、岩浆自主破裂形成的动力学机制、中途停歇岩浆重起动再运移的驱动机制、岩浆再停歇和运移过程的结晶与分异及其与围岩相互作用和伴生的元素富集与成矿作用等问题是岩浆运移动力学是尚待进一步攻关与研究的关键性科学问题。     

青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型——来自火成岩的约束

深部过程是青藏高原演化的主导因素,其他地质过程都可以看作是对深部过程的响应。因此,一个构造旋回(阶段)的地球动力学事件链可以概括为深部地质过程—幔源岩浆活动—壳源岩浆活动—陆壳增厚—地表隆升—表层剥蚀与沉积,其中幔源岩浆活动的研究成为追索青藏高原演化历史的关键环节。据此,青藏高原演化的关键性时间坐标为80、45、27、17、9和4Ma。青藏高原新生代火成岩具有三种展布形式:与雅鲁藏布缝合带平行的岩浆带、沿深大断裂展布的岩浆带和藏北离散性岩浆分布区,它们分别受控于大陆碰撞、大规模走滑和岩石圈拆沉构造体制,且都受控于印度—亚洲软流圈汇聚过程。据此,文中提出了一个描述青藏高原演化的整合模型:南北向地幔对流汇聚控制了岩石圈块体的相对运动,并最终导致印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞和沿碰撞带的大规模岩浆活动;碰撞之初(白垩纪末期),大陆岩石圈块体的刚性属性有利于应力的远程传递和块体旋转,沿块体边界分布的大型走滑断裂控制了岩浆活动的发生;随着挤压过程的持续进行,岩石圈块体的受热和变形,高原岩石圈的重力不稳定性增加,最终导致拆沉作用和软流圈物质的大规模上涌以及藏北高原的离散性岩浆活动。在高原演化中,岩石圈拆沉作用具有重要意义,许多地质事件的发生都与此有关。同时,软流圈的汇聚还导致软流圈物质的向东挤出,并因此造成青藏高原岩石圈的向东挤出和晚新生代的伸展构造。     

同源岩浆成因金矿成岩成矿时差的统计研究

同源岩浆成因金矿的成岩成矿时差是确定矿床与岩浆岩成因关系的重要基础。而中国同源岩浆成因金矿分布十分广泛,前人在成矿学和岩石学方面做了大量的研究,为此本文收集了国内一些典型金矿的成矿和相关同源岩浆岩的同位素测年数据,讨论并定量厘定了该类金矿床成岩成矿时差的分布特征及分布范围。数据统计分析及柯尔莫哥洛夫准则检验结果显示,成矿事件一般同步或略滞后于同源岩浆活动,成岩成矿时差在95％信度下服从正态分布,介于0～16．0Ma,均值约为7．0Ma。因此,若金矿成岩成矿存在着≤16．0Ma的时差,就应该重视二者之间的同源成因联系。同时,笔者也强调：准确的成岩成矿时差应加强对金矿成岩成矿地质背景的研究;重视时差研究与微量元素和同位素示踪相结合,从年代学和地球化学方面对矿床成因作出合理的解释。     

西太平洋弧后盆地火山岩中熔体包裹体研究进展

熔体包裹体是在矿物生长过程中被包裹的硅酸盐小液滴,由于寄主矿物的保护,受最小程度的后期岩浆作用影响,可以有效的保留原始岩浆组成、地幔源区性质及岩浆演化过程等重要信息.熔体包裹体的研究可以弥补传统全岩因受后期复杂地质过程影响而导致部分信息失真的不足.文章简要总结了熔体包裹体的主要研究领域及分析测试技术,概述了国内外关于西...     

东南印度洋中脊澳大利亚-南极洲不整合带地区岩浆供应与构造作用沿洋脊的变化

We analyzed seafloor morphology and geophysical anomalies of the Southeast Indian Ridge(SEIR) to reveal the remarkable changes in magma supply along this intermediate fast-spreading ridge. We found systematic differences of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance(AAD) from adjacent ridge segments with the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly(RMBA) being more positive, seafloor being deeper, morphology being more chaotic, M factors being smaller at the AAD. These systematic anomalies, as well as the observed Na_(8.0) being greater and Fe_(8.0) being smaller at AAD, suggest relatively starved magma supply and relatively thin crust within the AAD.Comparing to the adjacent ridges segments, the calculated average map-view M factors are relatively small for the AAD, where several Oceanic Core Complexes(OCCs) develop. Close to 30 OCCs were found to be distributed asymmetrically along the SEIR with 60% of OCCs at the northern flank. The OCCs are concentrated mainly in Segments B3 and B4 within the AAD at ～124°–126°E, as well as at the eastern end of Zone C at ～115°E. The relatively small map-view M factors within the AAD indicate stronger tectonism than the adjacent SEIR segments.The interaction between the westward migrating Pacific mantle and the relatively cold mantle beneath the AAD may have caused a reduction in magma supply, leading to the development of abundant OCCs.     

Distribution of large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges in relation to spreading rates

Large-scale detachment faults on mid-ocean ridges （MORs） provide a window into the deeper earth. They have megamullion on their corrugated surfaces, with exposed lower crustal and upper mantle rocks, rela- tively high residual Bouguer gravity anomaly and P-wave velocity, and are commonly associated with ocean- ic core complex. According to 30 detachment faults identified on MORs, we found that their distances to the axis mostly range from 5 to 50 km, half-spreading rates range from 6.8 to 17 mm/a, and activity time ranges from recent to 3 Ma. Most of the detachment faults are developed on the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge （MAR） and ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIRl, with the dominant half-spreading rates of 7-13 mm/a, especially 10-13 mm/a. Furthermore, they mostly occur at the inside corner of one segment end and result in an asymmetric seafloor spreading. The detachment faults on MORs are mainly controlled by the tectonism and influenced by the magmatism. Long-lived detachment faults tend to be formed where the ridge magma supply is at a moderate level, although the tectonism is a first-order controlling factor. At the slow spreading ridges, detachment faults tend to occur where local magma supply is relatively low, whilst at the ultra-slow spreading ridges, they normally occur where local magma supply is relatively high. These faults are accompanied by hydrothermal activities, with their relationships being useful in the study of hydrothermal polymetallic sulfides and their origin.     

Newly discovered hydrothermal fields along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge around 63°E

The ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) to the east of the Melville fracture zone is characterized by very low melt supply and intensive tectonic activity. Due to its weak thermal budget and extremely slow spreading rate, the easternmost SWIR was considered to be devoid of hydrothermal activity until the discovery of the inactive Mt. Jourdanne hydrothermal field(27°51′S, 63°56′E) in 1998. During the COMRA DY115-20 cruise in2009, two additional hydrothermal fields(i.e., the Tiancheng(27°51′S, 63°55′E) and Tianzuo(27°57′S, 63°32′E)fields) were discovered. Further detailed investigations of these two hydrothermal sites were conducted by Chinese manned submersible Jiaolong in 2014–2015. The Tiancheng filed can be characterized as a lowtemperature(up to 13.2°C) diffuse flow hydrothermal field, and is hosted by fractured basalts with hydrothermal fauna widespread on the seafloor. The Tianzuo hydrothermal field is an inactive sulfide field, which is hosted by ultramafic rocks and controlled by detachment fault. The discovery of the three hydrothermal fields around Segment #11 which receives more melt than the regional average, provided evidence for local enhanced magmatism providing heat source to drive hydrothermal circulation. We further imply that hydrothermal activity and sulfide deposits may be rather promising along the easternmost SWIR.     

大洋中脊热液活动与轴部岩浆房的分布、深度以及熔融程度之间的关系

热液活动,特别是高温流体释放,通常与轴部存在岩浆房（AMC）有关,然而这种关系尚未得到系统的验证。通过对6个区域性较长（长度在170—560km之间）的洋脊段进行连续的AMC以及热液羽流调查,就有可能定量比较热液活动的分布、强度与AMC范围、深度以及在部分站位岩浆熔融程度之间的关系。这六个区域性洋脊的扩张速率在55—145mm／a之间,共包含20个次级的洋脊段。在洋脊段尺度上（除去受到热点影响的加勒帕戈斯扩张中心）,热液羽流的发生率随着AMC的发生率（AMCr,r^2=0．64）增加而线性增加。对所研究的6个区域性洋脊段而言,热液羽流的发生率随着AMC的深度减小而增加（AMCZ,r^2=0．66）。在次级洋脊段尺度上,热液羽流的发生率与AMCr（r^2=0．12）以及AMCz（r^2=0．25）相关性很差。最后在亚段尺度上,或者在局部尺度上（0．75km长的区间内）,热液羽流的强度随着AMCz的变浅而增强（r^2=0．85）。羽流强度越强的区间也就越接近它们的海底来源,其中68±13％直接位于AMC之上。这种分布与现在已知的40个高温喷口场中至少有37个位于AMC之上的分布相似。现在的数据能够允许我们验证AMC与热液活动相互之间关系的假设。尽管现存的数据很少,不支持如下假设：熔融富集的岩浆透镜体优先发育强烈的、持续周期长的热液喷发。同时,在任何洋脊段也未能为如下提议找到证据：在段尺度上,热液冷却的增加可以在局部亚段上降低AMCz。在慢速洋脊,岩浆房存在的证据相当稀少,然而这些数据却与那些具有更快扩张速率洋脊的数据相一致。对所有扩张速率洋脊的观察结果表明,几乎所有的高温热液场均与岩浆或者推断的岩浆有关;而“热岩”或者非岩浆热源不足以引起高温热液喷发。