石油类污染建筑场地的环境调查与治理

污染造成的环境损害和土壤与地下水质量降低,直接影响生命健康与环境安全。污染企业搬迁后遗留场地的调查检测与修复治理,是土地资源开发利用与管理的重要环节。结合两个炼油厂污染地块在土地再开发期间所进行的土壤环境调查和治理修复案例,阐述了石油类污染地基土的环境调查方法、评价方式和治理修复措施,以期为污染土壤的调查与治理修复提供借鉴。     

东北振兴中的若干环境岩土工程问题

振兴东北老工业基地面临许多环境岩土工程问题，如固体垃圾处理、采空区建设、土壤污染等。这些问题不仅关系到投资环境的改善和经济振兴，同时也密切关系着普通百姓的生活质量。如何做到经济发展与环境保护双赢是经济建设者和岩土工作者不可推卸的责任。本文对上述环境岩土工程问题进行了探讨并提出了基本对策，力图能使该问题引起人们的足够重视。     

济南西部地区不同类型污染源作用下土壤各类元素含量特征及选择性种植浅析

通过分析研究区不同类型污染源条件下各类土壤元素含量的顺序,认为重金属在各类污染源土壤剖面中含量的顺序主要为:垃圾堆放污染类污水排放污染类禽畜粪便污染类;水溶性相对较强的K+,Mg2+,Na+,Cl-,SO2-4等离子,受污水排放类污染的影响明显,含量顺序为:污水排放污染类禽畜粪便污染类垃圾堆放污染类;NO-3在土壤中含量的顺序为:禽畜粪便污染类污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类;土壤主要常量养分在土壤中含量的顺序为:污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类禽畜粪便污染类。选择性种植的观点认为,在土壤肥力充足但重金属元素富集的土地,选择对该重金属元素富集较少的蔬菜(瓜果)进行种植,一方面充分利用了土壤肥力,另一方面较好地规避了重金属对作物的污染。     

Comparison of antimony behavior with arsenic under various soil redox conditions

Antimony （Sb） is a toxic element and belongs to group 15 of the periodic table, under arsenic （As）. The geochemical behavior of Sb in the environment is still largely unknown. Since the behavior of Sb in the environment depends on its oxidation state, Sb analysis in environmental samples requires quantitative measurement of Sb （Ⅲ） and Sb （Ⅴ）. The aim of this study is the speciation of Sb in both solid and water phases to understand the reaction and dynamics of Sb in soil-water system. Accordingly, we employed X-ray absorption fine structure （XAFS） analysis to determine the Sb and As species in soil in laboratory and natural systems, while we also determined the oxidation states in soil water by the conventional HPLC-ICP-MS method. Natural soil and soil water samples containing Sb and As were collected around the Ichinokawa mine pithead, Ehime, Japan. To observe the species under various redox conditions, the soil and soil water samples were collected at four depths. Soil containing Sb and As were incubated for 7 days at 25℃ to observe their oxidation states under various redox condition by changing the total amount of water in the soil. Antimony K-edge XAFS spectra were measured at the beamline BL01B 1 at SPring-8 （Hyogo, Japan） and K-edge XAFS spectra of As, Fe, and Mn at the beamline BL12C in Photon Factory, KEK （Thukuba, Japan）. In the natural soil-water system, Sb was present exclusively as Sb （Ⅴ） over a wide redox range （from Eh=-140 to 360 mV; pH 8）, while As was present as a mixture of As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）. This trend was confirmed in the laboratory experiments. These results suggest that Sb （Ⅴ） is a very stable form in the environment and that Sb is oxidized under more oxic condition than As. Combining the results of Fe and Mn XAFS analyses and a positive correlation among Sb, As, and Fe abundances in the soil, the host phases of Sb and As in soil were Fe （Ⅲ） hydroxide. EXAFS analyses of Sb and As are also consistent with this fact. Under reducing conditions, the concentrations of As in the soil water increased whereas those of Sb decreased in both the natural and laboratory systems.     

渤海海退典型区——吴桥县污水灌溉对土壤污染调查

近20年来进入沧州区域内的地表废污水逐渐增多,为解决农业灌溉问题,沿河大量使用污水灌溉,对地下水和土壤产生污染。对渤海海退和古黄河冲积沉积形成的吴桥县土壤污染情况进行典型监测,评价污水灌溉对类似区域土壤影响,提出防治地下水和土壤污染的措施和建议。     

地球物理方法在含油工业污水管道渗漏探测中的应用

基于含油污水管道渗漏形成土壤污染区的物性改变,利用高密度电阻率法、自然电位法、探地雷达的方法对污染区进行了探测,试图通过污染区的分布特征确定渗漏点的存在.基于异常区布设的钻孔取样分析资料显示,含油污水的侵入会引起地下粘土层的电阻率增高,随着侵入量的增大电阻率越大,相应的探测电剖面异常区表现为高阻特征;相应位置的自然电位曲线显示低电位特征,探地雷达图像则表现为低频,高幅的特征.基于异常区的分布特征可以确定渗漏点的分布位置.研究结果证实了地球物理方法对此类工业污水污染区探测的可行性.     

Research on natural plants in the lead/zinc mine in northwestern Guizhou Province

A study of soils and four flourish plants in the heavy metal polluted area by lead/zinc mine in northwestem Guizhou Province. In this study four plants were collected, the species were： Sambucus Chinensis Linn, lxeris gracilis （DC.） stebb, Buddlej daxidii Franch.ex.sinarum lmp. and Senecio scandens. The fractions of heavy metals in the soil were distinguished by the short sequential extraction procedure （I. Maiz, 1997）, the available fractions and residual fractions of heavy metals in the soil could be separated. The plant digestion was effected by means of the microwave digest system （Durali Mendil, 2004）. In each step Pb, Zn and Cd were analyzed by FAAS. This study analyzed the heavy metals （Pb, Zn, Cd） contents of the soil and plant. It is found that the contents in the plant increased linearly with heavy metal concentrations in soil. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd in the four plants follow the order of Zn〉Pb〉Cd. Sambucus Chinensis Linn and lxeris gracilis （DC.） stebb were proved to have good metal-enrichment and transport ability for heavy metals in the soil.     

平顶山矿区丘陵坡地土壤重金属分布及污染特征

对平顶山矿区周边丘陵坡地土壤进行采样,分析了Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb 在不同海拔与矿区下风向不同距离处的分布特征及污染水平。结果表明：① 矿区丘陵坡地土壤存在不同程度的重金属累积,以Ni、Cr、Cu累积较重。② 五种元素均在矿区、坡底附近及近坡顶含量较高,而在矿区下风向以50 m内含量最高,之后呈递减趋势。③ Cu、Cr、Pb 随坡度减小而含量增大,Zn、Ni 在坡度5°~15°时含量最大;土地利用对坡面土壤重金属的分布不产生明显影响,林地、草地、坡耕地之间重金属含量也无显著差别。④ 五种元素均在矿区附近产生污染,矿区以下存在Cu、Ni、Pb污染,而矿区以上只有Ni 出现轻度污染;矿区下风向Cu、Ni 污染且迁移距离较远,Cr、Pb 仅在100 m内出现轻度污染,Zn 尚未达到污染水平。⑤ Ni、Cu、Pb 以人为活动源为主,Cr 和Zn以自然源为主。     

全国政协委员热议政府工作报告

正3月5日上午,李克强总理代表国务院作了政府工作报告。当天下午,全国政协各组委员纷纷在讨论时发言,围绕政府工作报告谈认识、说想法、提建议。大家认为,政府工作报告紧扣改革主题,突出经济社会发展、保障和改善民生、政府自身建设,总结工作实事求是,分析问题坦诚直接,目标明确、措施有力,对做好今年的政府工作具有较强的指导性。     

土壤环境基准的科学问题与研究方法：以Cd为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制定的科学依据和基础。环境基准是土壤环境保护研究的前沿领域,涉及土壤环境化学、环境毒理学、生物学和风险评估等多学科交叉与基础性科学问题,了解和解决其所涉及的这些科学问题,是土壤环境基准研究的前提。本文针对土壤环境基准研究中影响重金属毒性阈值的非生物因子、生物因子、剂量-效应关系测定中等几个关键科学问题进行了阐述,包括土壤老化因子与淋洗因子的矫正,低剂量刺激效应拟合及毒性数据归一化方法等,最后以农田土壤Cd为例,推导出不同性质土壤中Cd环境基准(HC₅)及其与土壤性质的连续性分布曲线方程(LogHC₅=0.132pH+0.083OC+0.008CEC-1.448),以期为农田土壤环境指标基准的研究提供参考与借鉴。