A CRPS-Based Spatial Technique for the Verification of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts

Traditional precipitation skill scores are affected by the well-known“double penalty”problem caused by the slight spatial or temporal mismatches between forecasts and observations. The fuzzy (neighborhood) method has been proposed for deterministic simulations and shown some ability to solve this problem. The increasing resolution of ensemble forecasts of precipitation means that they now have similar problems as deterministic forecasts. We developed an ensemble precipitation verification skill score, i.e., the Spatial Continuous Ranked Probability Score (SCRPS), and used it to extend spatial verification from deterministic into ensemble forecasts. The SCRPS is a spatial technique based on the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) and the fuzzy method. A fast binomial random variation generator was used to obtain random indexes based on the climatological mean observed frequency, which were then used in the reference score to calculate the skill score of the SCRPS. The verification results obtained using daily forecast products from the ECMWF ensemble forecasts and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the OPERA datasets during June-August 2018 shows that the spatial score is not affected by the number of ensemble forecast members and that a consistent assessment can be obtained. The score can reflect the performance of ensemble forecasts in modeling precipitation and thus can be widely used.     

The Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream in CRA-40, ERA5, and CFSR Reanalysis Data:Comparative Assessment

The Asian subtropical westerly jet(AWJ) exerts crucial influences on Eurasian continent weather and climate. This paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of CRA-40, which is China's first generation 40-yr(1979–2018) global atmosphere and land reanalysis product, in describing the characteristics of AWJ, compared with the ECMWF Reanalysis version 5(ERA5) and NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR). The results show a close agreement across the three reanalyses on the whole.(1) In terms of climatology, overall differences of 200-h Pa zonal wind across the three reanalyses are within ± 0.5 m s^-1(i.e., ± 2%). Large differences with maxima of ± 2 m s^-1(±5%) appear over the Iranian Plateau and south of the Tibetan Plateau in the mid–upper troposphere in winter.(2) For seasonal cycle, the position and intensity of the AWJ centers in the three reanalyses are highly consistent, with correlation coefficient over 0.98. But there are some discrepancies in the zonal shift of the western AWJ center during the transition season.(3) On the interannual timescale, intensity of all AWJ centers varies consistently among the three reanalyses, while larger differences appear in their meridional displacement, especially in the eastern AWJ center.(4)For long-term variations, the three reanalyses all present a significant northward movement of the westerly jet axis in winter, and a southward displacement over central Asia(40°–80°E) and a northward migration over East Asia(80°–110°E) in summer. Thus, this study has provided confidence that CRA-40 has comparable performance with ERA5 and CFSR in depicting the characteristics of AWJ.     

大数据量机载LiDAR点云的快速区域分割处理

针对大数据量机载LiDAR点云数据整体处理时效率低下、分块处理时容易破坏地物空间结构特征的问题,提出了一种顾及点云覆盖区域地形地貌特征的快速区域分割方法。首先构建离散点云的虚拟格网,利用格网邻域内的高程突变实现区域边界上的各类障碍物自动检测;其次为提高分割处理效率,在点云覆盖区域矩形初始分割的基础上,利用流水模型及坐标轴向的方向约束对矩形分割边界线进行自动更新;最终实现了大数据量点云的快速区域分割处理。实验证明,该算法能够合理避开各类典型地形及地物障碍,实现区域分割边界线的自动化生成,算法的适应性与处理效率较高,能够较好地应用于大数据量点云数据的快速处理与应用。     

一种适用于多源道路网自动匹配的通用算法

多源数据匹配是数据转换、更新与融合的关键技术。随着GIS技术的发展以及地理信息空间数据不断增大,多源空间数据的匹配与融合成为目前GIS领域面临的重要问题。本文对多源道路网的匹配算法进行了研究,并在传统算法的基础上创建了一种可适用于多源道路网自动匹配的通用算法。该算法能够更加便捷和高效地利用道路间的拓扑特征与上下文信息关系,从而极大地提高了匹配运算的成功率和准确度。大量的数据测试表明该算法同时具有成功率高、准确度高以及通用性强等多项优点。     

结合Faster R-CNN模型的遥感影像建筑物检测

高分辨率遥感影像场景复杂,其中建筑物目标种类结构各异且存在大量遮挡,现有检测算法使用特征表达性不强。结合Faster R-CNN模型设计一种针对遥感影像的建筑物检测方法。首先通过共享卷积网络获取原始影像的深层特征图;然后结合区域建议网络生成初步检测结果;最后根据Fast R-CNN检测网络对结果进行进一步判定和边界回归。针对困难样本造成的训练中断,对训练策略进行改进,通过近似联合训练的方法对模型参数同步调优。实验结果表明,该方法准确率和召回率明显优于DPM方法,对非训练测试集遥感影像具有较好鲁棒性,有效实现了针对遥感影像的建筑物检测。     

EIV模型参数求解的超球体单行采样法

EIV模型实际上是一种非线性模型,其参数估值是有偏的。引入可以使参数解达到二阶精度的超球体单行采样法,通过特定的采样策略近似非线性函数的概率密度分布,无需计算非线性函数的Jacobi矩阵和Hessen矩阵。在一定程度上降低了求非线性函数达到二阶精度的参数解的难度。通过算例表明,该方法可以得到比TLS迭代方法更为合理的结果,验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

土壤重金属铬含量高光谱灰色关联度估测

快速、准确地测定土壤重金属含量,对防治土壤重金属污染、改善土壤环境和保障食品安全有着重要意义。以山东省烟台市采集的70个土壤样本为基础,首先分析土壤重金属铬含量的分组光谱特性;然后利用6种变换方法对土壤光谱反射率进行变换,根据极大相关性原则选取反演因子;最后利用灰色关联度模型初步估测铬含量,并对估测结果进行修正,采用决定系数和平均相对误差评价模型的有效性。结果表明,土壤光谱反射率随铬含量的升高而降低,二者呈负相关性;利用灰色关联度模式识别方法对重金属铬含量进行估测后的决定系数为R~2=0.656,平均相对误差为16.590%,而利用灰色关联度修正模型对估测值进行修正后,决定系数为R~2=0.912,平均相对误差为6.632%。研究表明,利用灰色关联度修正模型定量估侧土壤重金属铬含量有效。     

基于差分筛选的YOLOv2监控视频目标检测方法

监控视频的多目标跟踪是视频智能分析的热点研究内容,其中目标的检测是目标跟踪的基础,精度高、速度快的目标检测器对于后续的实时分析任务尤为重要。提出一种针对监控视频的基于差分筛选的YOLOv2目标检测算法,采用差分算法筛选无前景目标帧及设置重叠度量阈值进行跨帧检测,改善了YOLOv2作为检测方法用于监控视频多目标跟踪任务时速度过慢的不足,同时高精度的检测结果有利于下一步多目标跟踪任务的顺利完成。利用NPLR监控视频数据集对YOLOv2目标检测算法进行了测试,并将该方法与可变型部件模型DPM进行了比较。结果表明,差分YOLOv2方法在精度上高出DPM方法0.304 6,检测时间快了26倍左右,验证了该算法的有效性。     

Trimble RTX技术在呼伦湖水下地形测量中的应用

针对Trimble RTX技术在呼伦湖水下地形测量中的应用测试,对比分析Trimble RTX技术较传统差分GNSS的优势,无需建立GNSS陆地基准站,单机作业便能大范围应用,同时提供厘米级的实时定位精度。应用结果证明Trimble RTX技术在大面积水域水下地形测量工作中具有稳定、高效、高精度的优势。     

GEO卫星授时结果周期波动消减方法

针对地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星转发式授时结果存在的周期性波动现象,该文探寻该现象与卫星运动之间的关系,发现授时结果与授时信号传播时延差分结果呈很强的线性相关关系,并利用这一规律,提出时延线性贡献补偿模型。实验结果表明,该模型最多可修正原始授时结果偏差近70%,基本消除周期波动。