CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONSUMPTION OF HUANGHE RIVER AND CHANGJIANG RIVER BASINS

Rock weathering plays an important role in studying the long-term carbon cycles and global climatic change. According to the statistics analysis, the Huanghe (Yellow) River water chemistry was mainly controlled by evaporite and carbonate weathering, which were responsible for over 90% of total dissolved ions. As compared with the Huanghe River basin, dissolved load of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River was mainly originated from the carbonate dissolution. The chemical weathering rates were estimated to be 39.29t/(km²·a) and 61.58t/(km²·a) by deducting the HCO ₃ ⁻ derived from atmosphere in the Huanghe River and Changjiang River watersheds, respectively. The CO₂ consumption rates by rock weathering were calculated to be 120.84×10³mol/km² and 452.46×10³mol/km²annually in the two basins, respectively. The total CO₂ consumption of the two basins amounted to 918.51×10⁹mol/a, accounting for 3.83% of the world gross. In contrast to other world watersheds, the stronger evaporite reaction and infirm silicate weathering can explain such feature that CO₂ consumption rates were lower than a global average, suggesting that the sequential weathering may be go on in the two Chinese drainage basins. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Ministry of Science and Technology Project of China (No. G1999043075) Biography: LI Jing-ying (1974-), female, a native of Xinye of Henan Province, Ph.D., associate professor, specialized in environmental geochemistry. E-mail: wxxljy2001@public.qd.sd.cn     

电导法测定岩矿中二氧化碳

作者自行设计酸分解反应器,与国产YZYT型电导法测碳仪连接,拟定了酸分解—电导法测定岩矿中碳酸盐的CO_2。本法操作简便、成本低廉、灵敏度较高(检出限为0.018mgCO_2),RSD一般不超过4％。方法已用于多种地质试样中CO_2的测定,结果满意。     

利用化探精查技术检测二氧化碳气藏

化探精查技术检测二氧化碳气藏异常方法是基于油气渗透理论,通过对CO₂(土壤或水中)和土壤全烃、碳酸钙、汞、同位素、荧光等地表地球化学指标组合异常的分析,结合地质—地球物理资料,预测CO₂气藏分布。笔者通过对济阳坳陷花沟地区化探方法、化探资料和气藏分布的综合分析,在区域地球化学背景分析研究基础上,指出区带异常,并结合油气地质、地球物理资料,对圈定的化探异常区进行分级评价,预测CO₂气藏聚集的有利区带,探索化探精查预测技术检测CO₂气藏的方法。     

Feasibility study of CO2 geological storage in China

It has been proved to be one effective means to reduce emissions of CO2 to mitigate the worsening global climate change through lots of projects and tests about CO2 geological storage. The sites that are suitable for CO2 geological storage include coal seams that can not be mined, deep saline aquifers, oil fields, and depleted gas fields. The emission of CO2 from fuel combustion is about 3.54 Gt in China in 2003, which is the second biggest in the world. Because the energy consumption in China mainly depends on fossil fuels for a long time in the future, China will become a country with the biggest emission of CO2 in the world, which will make China have to reduce the emissions of CO2 by some methods including geological storage. Based on lots of information about the reserves of coal seam methane and the rank of coal in the 68 coal basins in China, the total CO2 storage capacity in these coal basins was estimated according to the recovery coefficient and exchange ratio of CO2 to CHa.The total storage capacity in deep saline aquifers can be regarded as the total quantity of CO2 that can be dissolved in the saline aquifers at the depth from 1000m to 3000m under ground. The quantity can be estimated by multiplying the solubility of CO2 in the saline water and the volume of the appropriate aquifers. According to the reserve and quality of crude oil in 46 main oil basins in China, the CO2 storage capacity and the quantity of enhanced oil were calculated. The storage capacity of depleted gas fields can be derived from the reserve and depth of the gas fields. The total CO2 geological storage capacity is about 196.2 Gt CO2 that is as against 55.4 times the CO2 emission from fuel combustion in China in 2003. According to the results of the finished projects and tests about CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM, the CO2 geological storage capacities in coal seams, deep saline aquifers, oil fields and depleted gas fields will be estimated.     

Origin and geochemical evolution of groundwaters from Lastochka spa （Primorye, Russia）

Obtained new data on major element contents, trace and REE concentrations of sedimentary bedrock and groundwaters in Lastochka spa, along with isotope data, allow solving the problem of origin and evolution of these groundwaters. In the Lastochka area, located in Primorye region （Far East of Russia）, two types of groundwater are found： groundwater （TDS 0.2-0.4 g/L, pH 7.3-7.5） with lower pCO2 levels and groundwater with higher dissolved mineral content （TDS 3.7-4.7 g/L, pH 5.8-6.4） and high pCO2 levels. Our studies proved that both types of groundwaters originated from meteoric water and water-sedimentary stratum interaction has played a main role in forming chemical composition of waters. The main gas composition in the high pCO2 groundwater is CO2, which may as high as 98% of the total amount of all gas. The pressure of CO2, calculated using the water analysis data is at about 0.6 bar, while one measured in the field could reach 2.6 bar. The pressure of CO2 in groundwater with low TDS is 10.2 bar. Our δ^13C data [δ^13C （gas）=-6.22 versus PDB] indicate that most of the ^13C in the free CO2 of Lastochka spa is of upper mantle origin. Sedimentary bedrock is mainly sandstone with a good permeability. Dominate minerals are K-feldspar, quartz and plagioclase and secondary minerals are calcite, limonite, cericite and kaolinite. Our results indicate that the role of mantle CO2 gas is crucial for highly mineralized groundwater. This type of groundwater evolved only during water-rock-gas interaction. Extreme dissolution of albite in the presence of CO2 gas leads to the formation of lower pH and drastic accretion TDS and Na content in high pCO2 water. The violent difference in the trace element concentration in waters is caused by more intensive weathering of primary minerals in the presence of CO2 gas.     

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏原油伴生气二氧化碳的碳同位素组成特征及成因初探

哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏由哈得1号和哈得4号两个圈闭组成。16口油井原油伴生气中CO2的含量在0.46%～4.97%,δ13CCO2值分布在-12.3‰～-7.0‰,这两组数值在油田不同地区呈有规律的分布,由北往南,均逐渐增加,至哈得4号圈闭内δ13CCO2达到峰值。依据现有的CO2成因鉴别标准,它们既有有机成因,也有无机成因。与其伴生的氦气的3He/4He值为n×10-8,具有典型的壳源沉积特征。综合分析认为,东河砂岩油藏中的CO2主要来源于无机成因的海相碳酸盐岩和东河砂岩储层中钙质胶结物的热分解。δ13CCO2值和CO2含量分布的不均匀性可能与油藏正在充注调整有关。     

2016-2060年欧美中印CO2排放变化模拟及其与INDCs的比较

研究各国在未来政策实施下温室气体排放量变化,对比其与国家自主贡献预案（INDCs）承诺目标的差别,对促进各国继续提高温室气体减排力度、加强国际合作,实现全球应对气候变化的长期目标有重要意义。基于最新的各国经济和能源数据,构建了化石能源CO₂排放的动态模型,通过设置“延续”和“规划”两类情景,模拟了欧盟、美国、中国、印度2016-2060年的CO₂排放量变化,并与各自的INDCs进行了对比。结果显示：① 中国在全部实现既有政策规划的前提下,将于2030年达到CO₂排放峰值,约11277±643 Mt CO₂,比延续过往发展趋势的情景提前10年达峰,峰值降低接近3000 Mt CO₂;2030年单位GDP碳强度比2005年下降约63.6%,一次能源消耗中非化石能源占比约24.7%,能够实现中国提出的INDC目标。② 在全部实现既有政策规划的前提下,欧盟和美国CO₂排放量有明显下降,印度CO₂排放增速将明显放缓,欧盟和印度基本可以实现INDCs的最低要求,但美国与其最低承诺目标尚有差距。③ 各国INDCs目标均有力度,其中以中国和美国最为突出。但要在INDCs目标基础上,更进一步减缓全球增暖,确保21世纪末气温上升幅度低于2 ℃甚至1.5 ℃,发达国家需进一步推进减排举措、技术、资金等的落实,包括带头推进碳捕获与封存技术,以尽早实现CO₂排放负增长,并对发展中国家提供资金和技术支持。     

Constraining anthropogenic CH4 emissions in Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta,China, using atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios

Methane （CH4） emissions estimated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） inventory method at the city and regional scale are subject to large uncertainties.In this study,we determined the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio for both Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta （YRD）,using the atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentrations measured at a suburban site in Nanjing in the winter.The atmospheric estimate of the CH4：CO2 emissions ratio was in reasonable agreement with that calculated using the IPCC method for the YRD （within 20％）,but was 200％ greater for the municipality of Nanjing.The most likely reason for the discrepancy is that emissions from unmanaged landfills are omitted from the official statistics on garbage production.     

二维能量平衡模式对若干气候问题的研究

Based on a two-dimensional energy balance model, the studies on some climatic issues such as the re- lationship between ice cap latitude and solar constant, desertifieation, and the warming effect of carbon dioxide, have been reviewed and discussed. The phenomenon that a fixed solar constant might correspond to different equilibrium ice cap latitudes is determined by the continuity of albedo distribution. The disconti- nuity in albedo distribution increases the number of equilibrium ice cap latitudes. Desert would expand both northward and southward when desert surface albedo is increasing. This would deteriorate the ecological environment in border regions, and then threaten the existence of local inhabitants. Melting of the polar ice would not be accelerated, with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The ice cap latitude would move northward slowly, with some “hiatus” periods, under the slowly increasing global average surface tempera- ture. According to the current research, future development of the two-dimensional energy balance model and possible progress are also forecasted.     

Characteristics of Gaseous Pollutants at a Regional Background Station in Southern China

Measurements of gaseous pollutants （03, NOx, SO2, and CO） were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013. The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed and their possible causes discussed. The annual average concentrations of 03, NOx, SO2, and CO were 24.6 ± 23.9, 12.8 ± 10.2, 4.0 ± 4.8, and 348 ± 185 ppbv, respectively. The observed levels of the gaseous pollutants are comparable to those at other background sites in China. The most obvious diurnal variation of 03 was observed in autumn, with minima in the early morning and maxima in the afternoon. The diurnal variations of SO2 showed high values during the day. The diurnal cycles of NOx showed higher values in the morning and lower values during the night. Higher CO concentrations were observed in spring followed by winter, autumn, and summer. Biomass burning, in combination with the transport of regional pollution, is an important source of CO, SO2, and NOx in spring and winter. Backward trajectories were calculated and analyzed together with corresponding pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that air masses passing over polluted areas are responsible for the high concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the Dinghushan background station.