藏北可可西里中新世钾质火山岩矿物化学及温压计算

对藏北可可西里中新世钾质火山岩的主要斑晶矿物化学成份进行了电子探针分析,结果表明,火山岩中的辉石为普通辉石、紫苏辉石和古铜辉石,角闪石为钙质角闪石,云母为钛铁黑云母和富铁黑云母,长石为中长石、更长石、钠透长石和透长石,不透明矿物主要为钛铁矿和磁铁矿,可见钛铁矿?磁铁矿固溶体。根据火山岩中单斜辉石?熔体温压计估算的辉石斑晶的形成温度和压力分别为1 065～1 100 ℃和5.3～9.1 kbar。二辉石地质温度计结果表明,辉石的共结温度为976～1 020 ℃。而钛铁矿?磁铁矿固溶体平衡计算结果表明,钛?磁铁矿的平衡温度为841～974 ℃,logfO2为－13.71～－10.87。研究结果显示,可可西里火山岩岩浆房的埋深深度小于30 km,中?酸性系列火山岩是岩浆房在相对低压条件下的中上部地壳部位,经分离结晶后形成。     

Three monthly coral Sr/Ca records from the Chagos Archipelago covering the period of 1950–1995 A.D.: reproducibility and implications for quantitative reconstructions of sea surface temperature variations

In order to assess the fidelity of coral Sr/Ca for quantitative reconstructions of sea surface temperature variations, we have generated three monthly Sr/Ca time series from Porites corals from the lagoon of Peros Banhos (71°E, 5°S, Chagos Archipelago). We find that all three coral Sr/Ca time series are well correlated with instrumental records of sea surface temperature (SST) and air temperature. However, the intrinsic variance of the single-core Sr/Ca time series differs from core to core, limiting their use for quantitative estimates of past temperature variations. Averaging the single-core data improves the correlation with instrumental temperature (r > 0.7) and allows accurate estimates of interannual temperature variations (~0.35°C or better). All Sr/Ca time series indicate a shift towards warmer temperatures in the mid-1970s, which coincides with the most recent regime shift in the Pacific Ocean. However, the magnitude of the warming inferred from coral Sr/Ca differs from core to core and ranges from 0.26 to 0.75°C. The composite Sr/Ca record from Peros Banhos clearly captures the major climatic signals in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, i.e. the El Niño–southern oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation. Moreover, composite Sr/Ca is highly correlated with tropical mean temperatures (r = 0.7), suggesting that coral Sr/Ca time series from the tropical Indian Ocean will contribute to multi-proxy reconstructions of tropical mean temperatures.     

黄河源秋季洪峰对西风指数的响应

分析了1961—2010年黄河源的水文气象要素的演变过程。由于丰水期（7月、 8月、 9月）降水减少而温度升高, 导致黄河源年径流及降水总体上呈非显著减少趋势, 且1990年代以来9月份秋季洪峰消失。以30年为一个时间窗口, 使用偏相关方法, 分别计算了黄河源丰水期的降水、 径流与WCI（西风指数）、 ENSO（厄尔尼诺-南方涛动）和IOD（印度洋偶极子）的偏相关关系并排除了ENSO、 IOD与WCI之间的共同作用, 发现WCI对黄河源丰水期径流影响要高于ENSO与IOD, WCI的增强可能是黄河源8月降水减少及9月洪峰消减的主要因素。     

A Fractal Interaction Model for Winding Paths through Complex Distributions: Application to Soil Drainage Networks

Water interacts with soil through pore channels putting mineral constituents and pollutants into solution. The irregularity of pore boundaries and the heterogeneity of distribution of soil minerals and contaminants are, among others, two factors influencing that interaction and, consequently, the leaching of chemicals and the dispersion of solute throughout the soil. This paper deals with the interaction of irregular winding dragging paths through soil complex distributions. A mathematical modelling of the interplay between multifractal distributions of mineral/pollutants in soil and fractal pore networks is presented. A Hölder path is used as a model of soil pore network and a multifractal measure as a model of soil complex distribution, obtaining a mathematical result which shows that the Hölder exponent of the path and the entropy dimension of the distribution may be used to quantify such interplay. Practical interpretation and potential applications of the above result in the context of soil are discussed. Since estimates of the value of both parameters can be obtained from field and laboratory data, hopefully this mathematical modelling might prove useful in the study of solute dispersion processes in soil.     

The Origin Of The 1998 June BoöTid Meteor Shower

We compare various objects as the possible parent comet of the1998 June Boötid, by using the Tisserand invariant and the D-discriminant. Furthermore,in order to investigate the behaviour of the meteoric stream orbit, wesimulate the orbital evolution of test particles that are released from7P/Pons–Winnecke. We show firstly that the parent comet of the 1998 June Boötids, is 7P/Pons–Winnecke, and secondly that the meteoroids which constitute 1998 June Boötids were released in 1819 and 1869 from the parent comet. In themid-1900s the meteoroids started to transfer to Earth-colliding orbitsby Jovian perturbations.     

Landslide and tsunami hazard at Yate volcano,Chile as an example of edifice destruction on strike-slip fault zones

The edifice of Yate volcano, a dissected stratocone in the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, has experienced multiple summit collapses throughout postglacial time restricted to sectors NE and SW of the summit. The largest such historic event occurred on 19th February 1965 when ～6.1–10?×?10⁶ m³ of rock and ice detached from 2,000-m elevation to the SW of the summit and transformed into a debris flow. In the upper part of the flow path, velocities are estimated to have reached 40 m s^?1. After travelling 7,500 m and descending 1,490 m, the flow entered an intermontane lake, Lago Cabrera. A wavemaker of estimated volume 9?±?3?×?10⁶ m³ generated a tsunami with an estimated amplitude of 25 m and a run-up of ～60 m at the west end of the lake where a settlement disappeared with the loss of 27 lives. The landslide followed 15 days of unusually heavy summer rain, which may have caused failure by increasing pore water pressure in rock mechanically weathered through glacial action. The preferential collapse directions at Yate result from the volcano’s construction on the dextral strike-slip Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone. Movement on the fault during the lifetime of the volcano is thought to have generated internal instabilities in the observed failure orientations, at ～10° to the fault zone in the Riedel shear direction. This mechanically weakened rock may have led to preferentially orientated glacial valleys, generating a feedback mechanism with collapse followed by rapid glacial erosion, accelerating the rate of incision into the edifice through repeated landslides. Debris flows with magnitudes similar to the 1965 event are likely to recur at Yate, with repeat times of the order of 10² years. With a warming climate, increased glacial meltwater due to snowline retreat and increasing rain, at the expense of snow, may accelerate rates of edifice collapse, with implications for landslide hazard and risk at glaciated volcanoes, in particular those in strike-slip tectonic settings where orientated structural instabilities may exist.     

Mechanisms controlling the air–sea flux in the North Sea

The mechanisms driving the air–sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the North Sea are investigated using the three-dimensional coupled physical–biogeochemical model ECOHAM (ECOlogical-model, HAMburg). We validate our simulations using field data for the years 2001–2002 and identify the controls of the air–sea CO₂ flux for two locations representative for the North Sea's biogeochemical provinces. In the seasonally stratified northern region, net CO₂ uptake is high () due to high net community production (NCP) in the surface water. Overflow production releasing semi-labile dissolved organic carbon needs to be considered for a realistic simulation of the low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations observed during summer. This biologically driven carbon drawdown outcompetes the temperature-driven rise in CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) during the productive season. In contrast, the permanently mixed southern region is a weak net CO₂ source (). NCP is generally low except for the spring bloom because remineralization parallels primary production. Here, the pCO₂ appears to be controlled by temperature.     

滦平盆地桑园营子露头剖面沉积层序的Markov链模拟

桑园营子露头剖面具有同沉积断层控制的近源、粗粒、陡坡型浅水扇三角洲体系的沉积特征。根据 Markov过程的基本原理 ,认识到桑园营子剖面出露完整的扇三角洲前缘沉积组合( C — C 旋回 )各岩性相之间的转移具有 Markov性质 ,利用转移概率矩阵法及差值矩阵法对该沉积组合进行 Markov链模拟 ,得出了理想的垂向沉积层序模式图。该模式图与实际地层层序吻合较好 ,反映了各岩性相的空间展布特征 ,建立了沉积环境的演化序列。     

湘东北七宝山铜多金属矿床地质特征及成因探讨

本文在论述七宝山铜金多属矿床地质特征的基础上 ,从地层、构造、岩浆岩等方面系统阐述了成矿地质条件 ,从硫同位素铅同位素及包体地球化学等方面入手探讨了成矿物质来源 ,矿床硫同位素范围窄 ,δ34 S=( 1.8～ 5.6)× 10 -3 ,硫同位素组成以重硫型为主 ,接近陨石硫同位素组成。铅同位素 2 0 6Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb=18.2 91,2 0 7Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb=15.617,2 0 8Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb=38.642 ,为幔源铅。流体包裹体成分反映出成矿热液为岩浆热液 ,矿床成因为地洼区内多位一体的岩浆高中温交代—热液矿床。     

中国近海前新生代油气勘探新领域探索

中国近海分布着广泛的前新生代地层 ,特别是台湾海峡盆地至渤海海域 ,50 %探井的钻遇此套地层。前新生代地层在海域以沉积岩为主 ,厚度大 ,时代全 ,主要为华北地台与下扬子准地台为背景的新生代沉积基础层。通过地化分析、油岩对比 ,证明前新生代沉积岩有良好的生烃条件。经源岩对比 ,证明源岩对油气的成藏作出了贡献。井的测试结果与储层分析都证明前新生代地层有良好的储集性能。海域前新生代地层是下步油气勘探的新领域 ,有广阔的前景。预测存在有前生前储、新生前储及混合 3种类型油气藏