Monsoon-induced upwelling off the Vietnamese coast

During the southwest monsoon from July 8 to 28, 2003, an interdisciplinary cruise took place in the central area of Vietnamese upwelling with “MV Nghien Cuu Bien” in the South China Sea. Physical observations in the upwelling area are analyzed with respect to local/regional wind forcing and far field forcing. Nutrients and phytoplankton measurements are discussed with respect to exchange processes between different water masses. The wind-induced coastal upwelling by local wind forcing is much weaker than in the previous years due to weaker-than-normal winds. This can be attributed to the far field forcing of the 2002/2003 El Niño event which modulates the upwelling intensity. The atmospheric conditions reflect the typical situation after an El Niño event which weakens the wind-induced coastal upwelling, reduces the latent heat flux, and results in higher-than-normal sea-surface temperatures. The general circulation pattern during SW monsoon is driven by the spatial asymmetry in the monsoon forcing. The flow pattern is characterized by an upwelling-induced northward undercurrent and a recently detected southward countercurrent. The resulting stretching deformation of this flow pattern forms an offshore jet between ～12°N and 12.5°N and causes a local enhancement of the upwelling intensity. The upwelling due to stretching deformation is a peculiarity, which makes the Vietnamese upwelling area different to other upwelling areas. A budget of the upwelling components is presented: the strongest contribution in 2003 to the Vietnamese upwelling is the dynamical upwelling due to the clockwise rotation of the northward undercurrent. The internal radius of deformation separates the upwelling area from the offshore area as well as different water masses. Mekong River and the Gulf of Thailand waters which are offshore show nutrient depletion. Therefore, high chlorophyll maxima cannot be explained by nutrient supply from river runoff. The dynamical upwelling brings in nutrient-rich Maximum Salinity Water into the euphotic zone. This causes a subsurface chlorophyll maximum between 20 and 40 m water depth along the northward undercurrent. Deflection from the Redfield ratio in the C:N ratio and negative excess nitrogen identifies the region as nitrogen-limited which may favor cyanobacteria blooms. The consequence is a unique feature in new production: in the upwelling area, new production is based on upwelled nitrate, whereas offshore in the nutrient-depleted Mekong and Gulf of Thailand water, new production is based in addition on nitrogen fixation.     

Constraints on the dynamics of subglacial basalt eruptions from geological and geochemical observations at Kverkfjöll, NE-Iceland

The Kverkfjöll area, NE Iceland is characterised by subglacial basalt pillow lavas erupted under thick ice during the last major glaciation in Iceland. The water contents of slightly vesiculated glassy rims of pillows in six localities range from 0.85±0.03 to 1.04±0.03 wt %. The water content measurements allow the ice thickness to be estimated at between 1.2 and 1.6 km, with the range reflecting the uncertainty in the CO₂ and water contents of the melt. The upper estimates agree with other observations and models that the ice thickness in the centre of Iceland was 1.5–2.0 km at the time of the last glacial maximum. Many of the pillows in the Kverkfjöll area are characterised by vesiculated cores (40–60% vesicles) surrounded by a thick outer zone of moderately vesicular basalt (15–20% vesicles). The core contains ～1 mm diameter spherical vesicles distributed uniformly. This observation suggests a sudden decompression and vesiculation of the still molten core followed by rapid cooling. The cores are attributed to a jökulhlaup in which melt water created by the eruption is suddenly released reducing the environmental pressure. Mass balance and solubility relationships for water allow a pressure decrease to be calculated from the observed change of vesicularity of between 4.4 and 4.7 MPa depressurization equivalent to a drop in the water level in the range 440–470 m. Consideration of the thickness of solid crust around the molten cores at the time of the jökulhlaup indicates an interval of 1–3 days between pillow emplacement and the jökulhlaup. Upper limits for ice melting rates of order 10^?3 m/s are indicated. This interpretation suggests that jökulhlaups can reactivate eruptions.     

基坑安全稳定的广角度综合评判法

对基坑稳定的评判方法进行了概述 ,比较了各方法的优劣性。鉴于各种评判方法有利有弊 ,特提出了基坑安全稳定评判的广角度综合评判法 ,并以润扬大桥南锚深基坑开挖稳定性研究为例 ,讲述了该法在基坑安全评判中的应用 ,且应用广角度综合评判法对该基坑进行了稳定评价 ,取得了一定的成果。     

基于模糊随机理论的广义可靠度在边坡稳定性分析中的应用

在常规的概率极限状态理论基础上 ,分析了边坡体安全状态的模糊性 ,在此基础上构造了基于MCS以及FORM算法的模糊随机可靠度算法 ,分别就边坡体的滑动失效、渗透破坏两种失效模式作了参数敏感性分析 ,并进一步对边坡体的系统失效模式作了探讨     

富水软弱地层地铁隧道浅埋暗挖施工技术

浅埋暗挖法在深圳地铁一期工程 2 3标区间隧道施工中成功运用 ,其中地表降水、旋喷止水帷幕、天桥基础托换和地质超前预报等技术都在含砂、含水、软土地层中成功实施 ,隧道顺利通过富水软弱含砂地层及两座人行天桥 ,施工进度、安全性和施工质量都得到保证 ,并有效地控制了地表沉降 ,取得了很好的经济效益。对各项技术措施、施工工艺及技术难点进行了分析 ,指出该技术在富水软弱地层中广阔的应用价值和前景     

郑州和永城地区地基土的物理力学性质比较分析

利用数理统计方法，对河南省郑州地区和永城地区地基土的物理力学性质进行了比较分析，找出它们的联系与差异，其各类土的各种特性指标基本正确反映了两个地区沉积差异情况下的工程特性，对郑州地区和永城地区岩土工程勘察、设计、施工有一定的参考价值。     

Scattering Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols over Lanzhou City and Applications Using an Integrating Nephelometer

The data, measured by a three-wavelength Integrating Nephelometer over Lanzhou City during the winters of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 respectively, have been analyzed for investigating the scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols and exploring their relationship and the status of air pollution. The aerosol particle volume distribution is inverted with the measured spectral scattering coefficients. The results show that the daily variation of the aerosol scattering coefficients is in a tri-peak shape. The average ratio of backscattering coefficient to total scattering coefficient at 550 nm is 0.158; there exists an excellent correlation between the scattering coefficients and the concentration of PM10. The average ratio of the concentration of PM10 to the scattering coefficients is 0.37g m^-2, which is contingent on the optical parameters of aerosol particles such as the size distribution, etc.; an algorithm is developed for inverting the volume distribution of aerosol particles by using the histogram and Monte-Carlo techniques, and the test results show that the inversion is reasonable.     

云南墨江镍金矿床富金石英脉的40Ar/39Ar快中子活化年龄

云南墨江镍金矿床富金石英脉石英的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar快中子活化年龄谱为马鞍形,坪年龄为93±3Ma,对应的等时线年龄为90±3 Ma,最低视年龄为91±1 Ma,3者在误差范围内接近,最低视年龄(91±1 Ma)代表石英的结晶年龄.     

Advanced analyses of 57Fe Mössbauer data of alumino-silicate glasses

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra of iron bearing alumino-silicate glasses are analysed by two complementary methods (SID and x-VBF) especially adapted for the analysis of disordered systems by taking into account distributions of hyperfine Mössbauer parameters. Qualitative and quantitative information about the oxidation state of iron are obtained as well as information about the distribution of local environments of iron. The possibility to separate the signal of ferric iron from that of ferrous iron allows to derive precise redox ratio in favourable cases but also to analyse more sharply the different contributions to Mössbauer spectra. Using two different glass series (feldspar composition, haplo-tonalitic composition), the characteristics of the two methods are described and employed to study the effect of composition, water incorporation and oxidation state on the glass structure. Optical absorption spectroscopy is used to support the interpretation of the Mössbauer spectra in case of the feldspar glasses.