超站仪技术在树木测量中的应用研究

为了实现对树木高精度无损的测量,掌握每棵树的树高、树冠等因子,以便实现对林木生长趋势的更好研究,来预测树木生物量,反映林地生产力,本文以超站仪在北京市二类调查项目的应用为例,介绍了超站仪在林木测量中原理的运用,结合项目本身,讨论其实施方法、注意事项,对测量精度和测量的特殊环境进行了分析,提出3维树木体积测量的新方法,并且精度达到90.14%。实践证明,超站仪在树木测量较常规仪器具有很大的优势,为当代精准测量提供了数据保障。     

Comparison of methods for the analysis of New Zealand sea lion,Phocarctos hookeri,milk

Abstract

The milk composition of New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri, was determined using standard analytical methods, a MilkoScan? FT 120 and an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) for fat concentration. The results for fat, protein and total solid concentrations between the different analytical methods were assessed using different measures of statistical fitness including coefficient of determination, concordance correlation coefficient, mean prediction error, and intraclass correlation coefficient. The repeatability and reliability of the results obtained with the calibrated MilkoScan? FT 120 were comparable with those obtained using standard methods, the Roese‐Gottlieb method for fat, Kjeldahl method for protein and gravimetric method for total solids. The MilkoScan? FT 120s are fast and cost‐effective and are widely used in dairy laboratories around the world, which should make them readily accessible to ecologists/biologists studying the milk composition of non‐domestic animals.     

冬季雪深再分析资料在欧亚中高纬地区的适用性评价

欧亚中高纬地区的积雪是影响气候的重要因子,但是观测台站稀疏且记录只到1996年,导致积雪观测资料严重缺乏。基于目前国际上应用较为广泛的3套再分析资料:美国国家大气海洋局(NOAA)的20世纪再分析资料(NCAR-20th century reanalysis)、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的再分析资料(ERA-Interim)及日本气象厅(JMA)的全球大气再分析资料(JRA-55),利用前苏联站点观测的雪深资料评估雪深再分析资料在欧亚大陆区域的适用性。结果表明:3套再分析资料对积雪的时空变化均具有一定的描述能力;其中,尤以JRA-55再分析资料与观测事实最为接近,能较好揭示欧亚中高纬雪深变化的空间分布特征,反映雪深的长期变化趋势。JRA-55再分析资料揭示的欧亚雪深与169站观测有90%吻合,20世纪再分析资料有76%一致,而ERA-Interim再分析资料只有一半。区域尺度上,JRA-55再分析资料揭示的欧洲、西伯利亚南部雪深在1961~1990年的变化与观测是正相关,相关系数达到0.91、0.87,而20世纪再分析资料仅有0.77、0.32。长时间序列的雪深资料(JRA-55)表明欧亚大陆积雪存在年代际的变化特征:1960年代积雪偏少;1970年代偏多;从1980年代开始呈现减少趋势,持续至20世纪末,并且积雪的减少是高纬度积雪变化造成的。     

The Temperature–Humidity Covariance in the Marine Surface Layer: A One-dimensional Analytical Model

An analytical model that predicts how much of the temperature–humidity covariance within the marine atmospheric surface layer (ASL) originates just above the ASL and just near the surface is proposed and tested using observations from the Risø Air Sea Experiment (RASEX). The model is based on a simplified budget for the two-scalar covariance that retains three basic terms: production, dissipation, and vertical transport. Standard second-order closure formulations are employed for the triple moments and the dissipation terms, and the canonical mixing length for the closure model is assumed linear with height (z) from the surface. Despite the poor performance of the gradient–diffusion closure in reproducing the measured triple moment, the overall covariance model was shown to be sufficiently robust to these assumptions. One of the main findings from the analytical treatment is the origin of the asymmetry in how the top and bottom boundary conditions affect the two-scalar covariance in the ASL. The analytical model reveals that ‘bottom-up’ boundary-condition variations scale with \(z^{-\sqrt{a}}\) , while ‘top-down’ variations scale with \(z^{\sqrt{a}}\) , where a is a constant that can be derived from similarity and closure constants. The genesis of this asymmetry stems from the flux-transport term but is modulated by the dissipation, and persists even in the absence of any inhomogeneity in the local production function. It is shown that the local production function acts to adjust the relative proportions of these two boundary conditions with weights that vary with the Obukhov length. The findings here do not provide ‘finality’ to the discussions on the covariance between humidity and temperature or the role of entrainment in modulating the turbulence within the ASL. Rather, they are intended to guide new hypotheses about interpretations of existing field data and identify needs for future field and numerical experiments.     

Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (Ti x Fe 1?x ) 3?δ O4 1. Non-stoichiometry and point defects

 The deviation from stoichiometry, δ, in spinel solid solutions of the type (Ti _x Fe _1−x )_3−δ O₄ with x=0.1, 0.2 and 0.25 was studied thermogravimetrically as a function of oxygen activity, a _O2, at 1100, 1200 and 1300 ^∘C. The experimental results, S-shaped curves for δ vs. log a_O2, are presented and discussed with regard to the type of point defects prevailing under different conditions in the deviation from stoichiometry. It is concluded that cation vacancies are the predominant point defects at high oxygen activities, while cation interstitials prevail at low oxygen activities. The temperature and composition dependencies of point defect concentrations are also discussed. Received: 1 October 1996 / Accepted: 15 September 2002 Acknowledgements The authors thank the US Department of Energy for support of this work under Grant no. DE-FGO2–88ER45357. This work made use of the Cornell Center of Materials Shared Experimental Facilities, supported through the National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers program (DMR-0079992).     

Distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ and next-nearest neighbour effects in natural chromites: comparison between results of QSD and Lorentzian doublet analysis

The Mössbauer spectra of one chromite at 298 K and one chromite at 298, 200, 170, 140 and 90 K have been analyzed in this study. A Voigt-based quadrupole splitting distribution (QSD) method was used to analyze the spectra. The tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ and the octahedral site Fe³⁺ quadrupole splitting distributions (QSDs) were obtained from the Mössbauer spectra of chromites, and the multiple tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ Gaussian QSD components and the large widths σ _Δ of the Gaussian QSD components of the tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ QSDs for chromites were attributed to next-nearest neighbor effects. In addition, temperature dependences of the isomer shift and the quadrupole splitting were presented and discussed. Comparisons between the Mössbauer parameters for thickness-corrected folded spectra and raw-folded spectra of chromites were made, and the results show that the two sets of the Mössbauer parameters and ratios of ferric to total iron as well as χ² are very close to each other. This is because of the small absorber thickness of chromites in this study. Comparisons between the Mössbauer parameters of chromites obtained using the Voigt-based QSD method and a Lorentzian doublet method were also made. The results show that there are some differences between the two sets of the Mössbauer parameters and ratios of ferric to total iron, but not significant. However, much larger χ² were obtained when the Lorentzian doublet method was used to fit the spectra of chromites. This indicates that the Voigt-based QSD method is more adequate to analyze the Mössbauer spectra of chromites from the point of view of statistics.     

黄土状盐渍土的工程特点及地基处理方法

黄土状盐渍土在西北地区诸省均有分布。通过工程实例分析，论述了黄土状盐渍土的工程特点，指出了在西部大开发过程中对黄土状盐渍土的勘察设计应该注意的问题，并提出相应的处理方法。     

Just a train-ride away, but still worlds apart: Prospects for the Øresund region as a binational city

This article considers whether the cities of Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmö, Sweden, recently joined by the Øresund bridge, ought to be considered as one binational city. Working from the assumption that the project of constructing this binational city is a top-down endeavor whose success ultimately rests on the degree of support it receives from regional inhabitants, I focus on public opinion survey data collected one year after the opening of the bridge. Analysis shows that there are sharp national differences in the amount of support for the construction of a binational greater metropolitan region. I discuss how these differences may lead to an asymmetrical development for the emerging binational city, with Malmö eclipsed by the Danish capital Copenhagen, as well as how the heavily multi-cultural population of Malmö can impact Danish-Swedish cooperation on the Øresund.     

沉积物中~（210）Pb的测量方法

本文介绍了一种测定积物中２１０Ｐｂ的方法．沉积物中的２１０Ｐｂ用ＨＮＯ３和ＨＦ消化，然后２１０Ｐｏ在８５～９０℃下从０．５ｍｏｌＨＣｌ介质中自沉积在银片上；其全程放化回收率为８５．０±４．９×１０－２