A tale of two institutions: Shaping O?wi?cim-Auschwitz

For the last sixty years, two institutions have shaped the destiny of the town of O?wi?cim in southern Poland. One of these institutions is globally recognised, its history and development widely researched; the other is well known only amongst Polish industrialists, perhaps Polish economic geographers, and amongst the people of O?wi?cim. These two institutions are the Auschwitz State Museum and the chemical firm Dwory SA. Both institutions have their roots in the German Occupation of Poland 1939-1945. This paper presents the tale of these two institutions in order not only to highlight the need to embed memorial sites in their wider contexts, but also to indicate the impact of such sites as political-economic institutions, with the influence to shape social and economic landscapes. In laying out the geographies of the town and its two major institutions, we draw attention to the ways in which Holocaust memorialisation and post-socialist transformation are articulated with each other, not only here in O?wi?cim, and also with wider processes of social, economic, political and cultural change.     

Can Eurasia Experience a Cold Winter under a Third-Year La Ni?a in 2022/23?

The Northern Hemisphere(NH) often experiences frequent cold air outbreaks and heavy snowfalls during La Ni?a winters. In 2022, a third-year La Ni?a event has exceeded both the oceanic and atmospheric thresholds since spring and is predicted to reach its mature phase in December 2022. Under such a significant global climate signal, whether the Eurasian Continent will experience a tough cold winter should not be assumed, despite the direct influence of mid-to high-latitude,large-scale atmospheric ...     

Active tectonic and palaeoseismological features of the western section of Mustafakemalpaşa Fault; Bursa,NW Anatolia

The Mustafakemalpa?a Fault (MF), located among Manyas, Ulubat and Orhaneli faults, is a right lateral strike-slip and 47 km in length. The MF begins with a pressure ridge at the west and exhibits complex jog terminations at east ends in restraining left stepovers. The western section of the fault bounds Miocene and Quaternary units and continues towards ?lyasç?lar. The central segment of the fault, starts with approximately 750-m leftward stepover, exhibits a sinusoidal geometry between Kapakl?oluk and Kabulbaba. In this section, MF traverses mountainous terrain and cuts Ophiolite, Jurassic limestones and Miocene detritals, forming dextral faulting features and gaining reverse component. The eastern section exhibits left stepping en-echelon pattern and consists 2.5-km offset on the Orhaneli River. In this study, palaeoseismological findings related to the Holocene activity and active tectonic properties of the MF are presented. The trenches exposed mismatched stratigraphy, demonstrating evidence of events across the fault. We identified three events (before BC 2190, later AD 1425 and 1850) that have occurred during the past 4000 years. We suggest a long non-characteristic recurrence interval and ~0.7 mm/y slip-rate for MF, based on trench data and offset of the Late Pliocene drainage of Orhaneli River.     

利用芳烃参数研究煤系烃源岩中重排藿烷成因

研究发现鄂尔多斯盆地部分地区上古生界煤系烃源岩存在较高丰度的17α(H)-重排藿烷和早洗脱重排藿烷,在对重排藿烷分布、组成特征及生标组成特征研究的基础上,应用芳烃参数对高丰度重排藿烷的成因进行了探讨。饱和烃生物标志物组成特征显示,高重排藿烷与陆源高等植物生源关系密切,主要在弱氧化沉积环境下演化形成。具有高-异常高丰度17α(H)-重排藿烷和早洗脱重排藿烷(C₃₀*/C₃₀H>0.2、C₃₀E/C₃₀H>0.1)的烃源岩二环+三环芳烃相对含量一般大于50%,四环、五环芳烃含量相对较低,普遍低于35%,未见芳香甾萜类,研究认为其生源主要为陆生高等植物;甲基菲指数MPI₁、MPI₂和甲基菲比值F1研究结果显示,Pr/Ph>1的弱氧化环境烃源岩17α(H)-重排藿烷和早洗脱重排藿烷在进入成熟阶段后开始大量形成,并随成熟度升高而增大;Pr/Ph<1还原环境下的烃源岩重排藿烷丰度相对较低,但在进入成熟阶段后仍有随成熟度升高而增大的趋势;三芴系列化合物参数表明,沉积环境的弱氧化性质对17α(H)-重排藿烷和早洗脱重排藿烷的形成有较大的影响,沼泽相沉积环境最有利于重排藿烷的形成。     

响应面法优化重组大肠杆菌生物合成别藻蓝蛋白(holo-apcA)的发酵条件

采用响应面法对重组大肠杆菌生物合成别藻蓝蛋白(holo-apc A)的发酵条件进行优化,提高了蛋白的表达量。以对重组别藻蓝蛋白α亚基在大肠杆菌中表达量影响较大的几种因素用于中心组合设计;中心组合设计试验结果表明诱导温度、培养基初始p H和诱导时机对诱导结果影响显著;经Design Expert 8.0软件优化后的最佳诱导条件为:诱导温度28℃,培养基初始p H 8.5,IPTG终浓度0.1 mmol/L,以及诱导时机3 h。最后验证试验得到的蛋白表达量在已有文献报道结果的基础上提高了70%~580%。中心组合设计-响应面法能够在有限的实验次数下,对影响生物过程的因子进行优化及对其交互作用进行评价,蛋白表达量达20.4 mg/L;IPTG用量由原来的1 mmol/L减少至现在的0.1 mmol/L,降低了发酵成本。     

Behavior of 10-Å phase at low temperatures

The thermal evolution of 10-Å phase Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·H₂O, a phyllosilicate which may have an important role in the storage/release of water in subducting slabs, was studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction in the temperature range 116–293 K. The lattice parameters were measured at several intervals both on cooling and heating. The structural model was refined with intensity data collected at 116 K and compared to the model refined at room temperature. As expected for a layer silicate on cooling in this temperature range, the a and b lattice parameters undergo a small linear decrease, α _a  = 1.7(4) 10^?6 K^?1 and α _b  = 1.9(4) 10^?6 K^?1, where α is the linear thermal expansion coefficient. The greater variation is along the c axis and can be modeled with the second order polynomial c _T  = c ₂₉₃(1 + 6.7(4)10^?5 K^?1ΔT + 9.5(2.5)10^?8 K^?2(ΔT)²) where ΔT = T ? 293 K; the monoclinic angle β slightly increased. The cell volume thermal expansion can be modeled with the polynomial V _T  = V ₂₉₃ (1 + 8.0 10^?5 K^?1 ΔT + 1.4 10^?7 K^?2 (ΔT)²) where ΔT = T ? 293 is in K and V in ų. These variations were similar to those expected for a pressure increase, indicating that T and P effects are approximately inverse. The least-squares refinement with intensity data measured at 116 K shows that the volume of the SiO₄ tetrahedra does not change significantly, whereas the volume of the Mg octahedra slightly decreases. To adjust for the increased misfit between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, the tetrahedral rotation angle α changes from 0.58° to 1.38°, increasing the ditrigonalization of the silicate sheet. This deformation has implications on the H-bonds between the water molecule and the basal oxygen atoms. Furthermore, the highly anisotropic thermal ellipsoid of the H₂O oxygen indicates positional disorder, similar to the disorder observed at room temperature. The low-temperature results support the hypothesis that the disorder is static. It can be modeled with a splitting of the interlayer oxygen site with a statistical distribution of the H₂O molecules into two positions, 0.6 Å apart. The resulting shortest O_bas–O_W distances are 2.97 Å, with a significant shortening with respect to the value at room temperature. The low-temperature behavior of the H-bond system is consistent with that hypothesized at high pressure on the basis of the Raman spectra evolution with P.     

Environmental monitoring of magnetic iron phases of urban water reservoir lake sediments (Taiaçupeba Lake,metropolitan region of São Paulo,Brazil) by using Mössbauer spectroscopy

In the present work, we investigate the iron oxides and oxyhydroxides behavior and evolution, related to the geochemical behavior of some metals, which could be retained as solid phases in the sediments from an urban water reservoir lake, placed in Taiaçupeba, Great São Paulo, Brazil. These tasks were performed by the establishment of a proceduring setting for environmental monitoring analysis through Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements associated to hysteresis loops measurements and chemical analysis [X-ray fluorescence (XRF)]. We inferred the possibility of goethite occurrence in broad particle size distribution (5–50 nm), and related to ferrihydrite, and small grain-size hematite (about 8 nm). The magnetometry results pointed to the paramagnetic/superparamagnetic behavior of the magnetic phases present in the samples and also suggested the occurrence of small grain-size magnetite. We also verified the presence of clay minerals related to Fe, as well as the occurrence of Fe³⁺ and/or Fe²⁺ in short-range structural order. Through a straight correlation among Mössbauer spectra data gained at T = 77 K and Al-metal, metal-Fe molar ratios, provided through XRF data, we found remarkable indications of interference on meta-stable phases evolution to its final products. Such results can be pointing for evidences about the possible isomorphic replacing and/or adsorption of Al and other metals in goethite and hematite.     

Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020

Record-breaking heavy and persistent precipitation occurred over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in June-July (JJ) 2020. An observational data analysis has indicated that the strong and persistent rainfall arose from the confluence of southerly wind anomalies to the south associated with an extremely strong anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC) and northeasterly anomalies to the north associated with a high-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia. A further observational and modeling study has shown that the extremely strong WNPAC was caused by both La Ni?a-like SST anomaly (SSTA) forcing in the equatorial Pacific and warm SSTA forcing in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO). Different from conventional central Pacific (CP) El Ni?os that decay slowly, a CP El Ni?o in early 2020 decayed quickly and became a La Ni?a by early summer. This quick transition had a critical impact on the WNPAC. Meanwhile, an unusually large area of SST warming occurred in the tropical IO because a moderate interannual SSTA over the IO associated with the CP El Ni?o was superposed by an interdecadal/long-term trend component. Numerical sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that both the heating anomaly in the IO and the heating anomaly in the tropical Pacific contributed to the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC. The persistent high-pressure anomaly in Northeast Asia was part of a stationary Rossby wave train in the midlatitudes, driven by combined heating anomalies over India, the tropical eastern Pacific, and the tropical Atlantic.     

The Extreme Mei-yu Season in 2020: Role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the Cooperative Influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans※

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in eastern China during summer 2020 suffered the strongest mei-yu since 1961. In this work, we comprehensively analyzed the mechanism of the extreme mei-yu season in 2020, with focuses on the combined effects of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the cooperative influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans in 2020 and from a historical perspective. The prediction and predictability of the extreme mei-yu are further investigated by assessing the performances of the climate model operational predictions and simulations. 　 It is noted that persistent MJO phases 1?2 during June?July 2020 played a crucial role for the extreme mei-yu by strengthening the western Pacific subtropical high. Both the development of La Ni?a conditions and sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the tropical Indian Ocean exerted important influences on the long-lived MJO phases 1?2 by slowing down the eastward propagation of the MJO and activating convection related to the MJO over the tropical Indian Ocean. The spatial distribution of the 2020 mei-yu can be qualitatively captured in model real-time forecasts with a one-month lead. This can be attributed to the contributions of both the tropical Indian Ocean warming and La Ni?a development. Nevertheless, the mei-yu rainfall amounts are seriously underestimated. Model simulations forced with observed SST suggest that internal processes of the atmosphere play a more important role than boundary forcing (e.g., SST) in the variability of mei-yu anomaly, implying a challenge in quantitatively predicting an extreme mei-yu season, like the one in 2020.     

Response of Growing Season Gross Primary Production to El Ni?o in Different Phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over Eastern China Based on Bayesian Model Averaging

Gross primary production (GPP) plays a crucial part in the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. A set of validated monthly GPP data from 1957 to 2010 in 0.5° × 0.5° grids of China was weighted from the Multi-scale Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). The spatial anomalies of detrended BMA GPP during the growing seasons of typical El Ni?o years indicated that GPP response to El Ni?o varies with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phases: when the PDO was in the cool phase, it was likely that GPP was greater in northern China (32°–38°N, 111°–122°E) and less in the Yangtze River valley (28°–32°N, 111°–122°E); in contrast, when PDO was in the warm phase, the GPP anomalies were usually reversed in these two regions. The consistent spatiotemporal pattern and high partial correlation revealed that rainfall dominated this phenomenon. The previously published findings on how El Ni?o during different phases of PDO affecting rainfall in eastern China make the statistical relationship between GPP and El Ni?o in this study theoretically credible. This paper not only introduces an effective way to use BMA in grids that have mixed plant function types, but also makes it possible to evaluate the carbon cycle in eastern China based on the prediction of El Ni?o and PDO.