LINKAGE BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND TWO TYPES OF El NI?O AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

After compositing three representative ENSO indices,El Nio events have been divided into an eastern pattern(EP) and a central pattern(CP).By using EOF,correlation and composite analysis,the relationship and possible mechanisms between Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and two types of El Nio were investigated.IOD events,originating from Indo-Pacific scale air-sea interaction,are composed of two modes,which are associated with EP and CP El Ni o respectively.The IOD mode related to EP El Nio events(named as IOD1) is strongest at the depth of 50 to 150 m along the equatorial Indian Ocean.Besides,it shows a quasi-symmetric distribution,stronger in the south of the Equator.The IOD mode associated with CP El Nio(named as IOD2) has strongest signal in tropical southern Indian Ocean surface.In terms of mechanisms,before EP El Nio peaks,anomalous Walker circulation produces strong anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean,resulting in upwelling in the east,decreasing sea temperature there;a couple of anomalous anticyclones(stronger in the south) form off the Equator where warm water accumulates,and thus the IOD1 occurs.When CP El Nio develops,anomalous Walker circulation is weaker and shifts its center to the west,therefore anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean is less strong.Besides,the anticyclone south of Sumatra strengthens,and the southerlies east of it bring cold water from higher latitudes and northerlies west of it bring warm water from lower latitudes to the 15° to 25°S zone.Meanwhile,there exists strong divergence in the east and convergence in the west part of tropical southern Indian Ocean,making sea temperature fall and rise separately.Therefore,IOD2 lies farther south.     

The 2020/21 Extremely Cold Winter in China Influenced by the Synergistic Effect of La Niña and Warm Arctic

In the first half of winter 2020/21,China has experienced an extremely cold period across both northern and southern regions,with record-breaking low temperatures set in many stations of China.Meanwhile,a moderate La Ni?a event which exceeded both oceanic and atmospheric thresholds began in August 2020 and in a few months developed into its mature phase,just prior to the 2020/21 winter.In this report,the mid?high-latitude large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere,which were forced by the negative phase of Arctic Oscillation,a strengthened Siberian High,an intensified Ural High and a deepened East Asian Trough,are considered to be the direct reason for the frequent cold surges in winter 2020/21.At the same time,the synergistic effect of the warm Arctic and the cold tropical Pacific(La Ni?a)provided an indispensable background,at a hemispheric scale,to intensify the atmospheric circulation anomalies in middle-to-high latitudes.In the end,a most recent La Ni?a prediction is provided and the on-coming evolution of climate is discussed for the remaining part of the 2020/21 winter for the purpose of future decision-making and early warning.     

What Drives the Decadal Variability of Global Tropical Storm Days from 1965 to 2019?

The tropical storm day(TSD)is a combined measure of genesis and lifespan.It reflects tropical cyclone(TC)overall activity,yet its variability has rarely been studied,especially globally.Here we show that the global total TSDs exhibit pronounced interannual(3-6 years)and decadal(10 years)variations over the past five-to-six decades without a significant trend.The leading modes of the interannual and decadal variability of global TSD feature similar patterns in the western Pacific and Atlantic,but different patterns in the Eastern Pacific and the Southern Indian Ocean.The interannual and decadal leading modes are primarily linked to El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),respectively.The TSDs-ENSO relationship has been steady during the entire 55-year period,but the TSDs-PDO relationship has experienced a breakdown in the 1980 s.We find that the decadal variation of TSD in the Pacific is associated with the PDO sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific(PDO-E),while that in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean is associated with the PDO SST anomalies in the western Pacific(PDO-W).However,the PDO-E and PDO-W SST anomalies are poorly coupled in the 1980 s,and this"destructive PDO"pattern results in a breakdown of the TSDs-PDO relationship.The results here have an important implication for seasonal to decadal predictions of global TSD.     

Has the Problem of a Permanent El Nio been Resolved for the Mid-Pliocene?

The mid-Pliocene, the most recent warm geological period, is thought to be indicative of the fate of the Earth's climate under global warming. Earlier evidence has suggested that permanent El Nio-like conditions existed in the mid-Pliocene, though the concept of a permanent El Nio remains controversial. Here, the authors analyzed Nio 3.4 SST in pre-industrial and mid-Pliocene simulations with the low-resolution version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L). The simulated mid-Pliocene Nio3.4 SST, with a smaller standard deviation, indicated that a weaker ENSO existed in the mid-Pliocene relative to the pre-industrial experiment. Compared with earlier modeling studies, our simulations show that the problem of ENSO's standard deviations in the mid-Pliocene remains unresolved, although the mean and the period of ENSO in the mid-Pliocene have been resolved by earlier geological and modeling studies.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲优质储集层预测

针对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡风南地区三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲砂岩物性空间变化大、优质储集层(孔隙度大于7.4%,渗透率大于0.05×10^-3μm²)预测难的问题,在沉积岩石学、地震沉积学以及地震反演和解释理论指导下,综合利用测井、岩心和三维地震等资料开展了高精度层序地层划分、沉积微相描述和优质储集层地震反演研究。建立了风南井区四级层序地层格架,明确了扇三角洲多期水进水退的充填过程,指出SSQ3和SSQ5是优质储集层的发育层系;识别出扇三角洲平原分流河道、河道间和扇三角洲前缘水下分流水道、河口坝、席状砂等沉积微相,指出扇三角洲平原是优质储集层发育相带;通过应用高分辨层序地层纵向边界和沉积相横向边界约束,进行分层相控叠后地震波阻抗反演,提升储集层预测精度,在SSQ3和SSQ5预测5个优质储集层发育区,提出3口井的井位建议,钻探均获工业油流。     

北京地区大气污染分布的“南北两重天”现象

利用2006年北京地区空气质量监测站和自动气象站网资料,以及华北地区中尺度气象观测资料,分析了北京地区大气污染分布的“南北两重天”现象.通过对此类现象发生过程中天气形势和北京地区气象要素的分析,指出了造成该现象的天气学成因和气象要素特征.研究结果表明,2006年北京共发生47次“南北两重天”现象,其中大部分发生在秋、冬季的午夜至次日上午,且多为南差北好的污染物分布情景.该现象的发生与北京地区中-α尺度天气系统活动的一些特征有关,特别是与干冷空气进入北京地区的路径以及移动速度的区域差异有关.另外,在弱天气系统控制下,北京西南部地区经常出现的小尺度辐合型流场,也是形成北京地区“南北两重天”现象的重要原因.     

沈阳大气气溶胶光学特性及其影响因子

利用2010年3—10月沈阳大气成分监测站CE－318太阳光度计观测资料,计算沈阳大气气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数等大气光学特性参数,结合地面气象观测资料,分析大气气溶胶光学特性及其影响因子。结果表明：沈阳气溶胶光学厚度在3—6月较高,8月较低,9—10月气溶胶光学厚度略有增加;除4月和8月外,气溶胶光学厚度与风速基本呈反相关;气溶胶光学厚度与可吸入颗粒物（particulate matter,PM）质量浓度变化趋势基本一致;气溶胶光学厚度日平均值距平的绝对值、改变率均与降水强度成正比;地面能见度与气溶胶光学厚度呈负相关。由气溶胶浑浊度系数计算的能见度在4—6月与实际观测的能见度基本吻合,由气溶胶标高计算的水平能见度整体小于实际观测的水平能见度。     

Hydrological effects of water management measures in the Dovinė River basin,Lithuania

Abstract

Lake ?uvintas, located in southern Lithuania in the Dovin? River basin, is one of the largest lakes and oldest nature reserves in the country. However, changes in the hydrology of the Dovin? River basin, caused by large-scale land reclamation and water management works carried out in the 20th century, have resulted in a significant decrease in the biodiversity of the lake and surrounding wetlands. In order to halt the ongoing deterioration of the lake and wetlands, solutions have to be found at the basin level. Using the SIMGRO model, various measures were therefore analysed to evaluate their impact on the water management in the Dovin? River basin. The results show that it is impossible to fully restore the water dynamics and flow pattern in the Dovin? River to their original state. However, a good measure for improving the hydrological conditions is to block drainage ditches and remove bushes and trees from the wetlands.     

鄂尔多斯盆地大营铀矿铀的赋存状态研究

鄂尔多斯盆地大营铀矿是近几年新发现的砂岩型铀矿,详细研究该矿床铀矿物的赋存状态,对其矿床成因认识及之后的选冶开采均具有重要的意义。笔者利用电子探针和逐级化学提取分析以及α径迹分析等方法,研究了大营铀矿铀的赋存状态。结果发现,铀一部分以铀矿物为主,主要是铀石,另外存在少量的水硅铀石和钛铀矿。在电子探针镜下观察,表明铀矿物呈微粒集合体形式存在于黄铁矿、方解石及有机质裂缝中。逐级化学提取分析发现,各形态铀的含量不均一,其中有机质黄铁矿态占40.88%;其次为碳酸盐态,占28.33%;另外残渣态占24.89%,少部分为离子吸附态和铁锰氧化态,分别占3.2%和2.64%。反映其中铀矿物形式的铀占53.22%,分散吸附态的铀占46.72%。分散吸附态的铀以有机质及黄铁矿吸附占主导。综上所述,大营铀矿铀的赋存状态主要为铀矿物和吸附两种形式,二者所占比例大体相当,以铀矿物存在的铀主要为铀石,以吸附形式存在的铀主要赋存在黄铁矿和有机质中。     

大九湖泥炭地现代植物不同组分的δ18O特征及其古气候意义

最初学者利用泥炭植物同位素重建气候变化是参考树轮的研究方法,而树轮中不同组分的同位素对气候变化的响应不同。泥炭地植物不同组分的同位素对气候的响应是否也存在差异,需要进一步探讨和研究。此外,不同泥炭地植物δ¹⁸O的气候学解译存在一定的争议,这些解译的差异要求我们在利用泥炭δ¹⁸O重建古气候时需结合泥炭地现代过程的监测。文章以中国东部季风区的大九湖泥炭地为研究区域,测试研究区现代植被α纤维素与综纤维素的δ¹⁸O,对比两者的分布特征及其在时间序列上的相关性,进而探讨它们对气候因子的响应程度。结果表明：大九湖泥炭地植物δ¹⁸O分布较离散,平均值为25.09‰,α纤维素的δ¹⁸O比综纤维素δ¹⁸O偏正0.79‰~1.06‰,两种组分的δ¹⁸O在季节变化序列上没有明显的相关性。通过与区域气候因子的对比,我们发现温度是影响该地区植物δ¹⁸O变化的主要因素,而且植物α纤维素的δ¹⁸O比综纤维素的δ¹⁸O对温度响应更敏感,植物α纤维素更适用于作为研究古气候变化的载体,这一结果为中国东部季风内将泥炭地植物α纤维素的δ¹⁸O作为温度变化的代用指标提供了实验支持。