Laser Scanning的基本原理及其应用前景

首先介绍了激光测距仪的发展历程,针对应用领域的不同,分别对3维激光成像仪和机载/星载激光测高仪的测量原理进行了阐述,并分别介绍了两种激光测距仪的工作流程以及数据处理流程,最后对两种激光测距仪的应用范围进行了阐述,并把两种激光测距技术和普通摄影测量进行了比较,指出了激光测距技术相对于普通摄影测量的优点,即高精度性、穿透性、实时性。     

Implementation of baroclinic terms in a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and its application to Anzali Port, Iran

Baroclinic terms have been implemented in a three-dimensional fully hydrodynamic model developed by Badiei et al. [2008. A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic boundary fitted model for free surface flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 56(6), 607-627] modifying its momentum equations to account for density gradients and utilizing the scalar (salinity, temperature, etc.) conservation equation (SCE) and a state equation for the calculation of density. In the solution of advection-diffusion terms of the governing Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) and SCE, a symmetric splitting method was applied to ensure the long-term stability of simulations. Correction terms proposed by Ruddic et al. (1995) were applied to SCE to ensure the conservation of the scalar quantity. In the presence of baroclinic terms, the zero gradient pressure in the vertical direction in the vicinity of surface and bottom boundaries assumed by Badiei et al. [2008. A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic boundary fitted model for free surface flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 56(6), 607-627] created spurious currents. This problem was solved by assuming a hydrostatic pressure variation at those boundaries. The ability of extended model was validated by comparing its results with an experimental test case. The simulation of hydrodynamic and salt intrusion at Anzali Port located at the southern coasts of Caspian Sea in Iran was carried out by the model with both barotropic and baroclinic modes. The simulated results with baroclinic mode show a better agreement with measured data as compared to the results of barotropic mode that clearly demonstrate the significance of baroclinic terms in the simulation of cyclic intrusion of salt wedge into the Port Basin.     

基于倾斜摄影测量技术的高原地区三维城市建模研究

为建设"数字西宁"地理信息公共平台,本文利用AMC580多视角航空摄影仪的倾斜摄影技术和Smart3DCapture软件为数据处理平台,以高原城市西宁市实景真三维模型数据生产为例介绍了数据生产过程及其应用领域。结果表明,用倾斜摄影的方法能高效、高质量地实现实景真三维数据生产。倾斜摄影技术不仅从多个角度采集地面影像,从而克服了传统航空摄影技术只能从垂直角度进行拍摄的局限;倾斜摄影建立三维模型技术相对于传统的三维建模方法而言,凸显其建模速度快、成本低等优势;且所获取的真实、详细、丰富的地物信息,更符合人眼视觉习惯的真实且直观的世界。     

How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.     

TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料在全球海洋环流模式中的同化及分析

利用一个新的四维变分海洋资料同化系统LICOM-3DVM对TOPEX／Poseidon高度计资料进行了同化。该同化系统是在LASG／IAP气候海洋模式LICOM1．0的基础上建立起来的,所用的同化方法为三维变分映射资料同化方法3DVM。高度计观测资料是采取间接的方式进行同化,即先建立起二维海面高度距平场与三维温度场的统计关系,并由此通过观测的海面高度距平信息反演出“观测”的三维温度场,然后利用LICOM-3DVM四维变分同化系统将此反演的温度场同化到海洋模式中。作者设计了两组试验并对结果进行了比较分析,积分时间从1993年1月至2001年12月共9年时间。结果表明,由于上混合层相关系数较小,因此同化后海温没有改进;而在温跃层以及更深层次,同化后的海温均有很大程度的改善。从对赤道太平洋地区海温的气候态、季节变化和年际变化以及Nino3区的Nino指数的模拟情况来看,由于同化时将海面高度异常和海温异常之间的相关参数取为常数,没有考虑其季节和年际变化,因此,同化后对于赤道太平洋的年际变化没有改善。对于黑潮地区,由于模式的分辨率较低,同化之前没有很好地模拟出温度锋面,温度和盐度梯度都偏小,流速也偏弱;而同化后使得温度锋面和盐度梯度与WOA01更加吻合,流速增强。     

中国区域逐日融合降水数据集与国际降水产品的对比评估

中国国家气象信息中心基于2400多个国家级台站观测日降水量和CMORPH卫星反演降水产品,采用概率密度匹配和最优插值相结合的两步数据融合方法,研制了中国区域1998年以来的0.25°×0.25°分辨率的逐日融合降水产品(CMPA_Daily)。通过该数据集与广泛应用于中国天气气候领域的两种国际上降水融合产品TRMM 3B42(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, 3B42)和GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project, 1 degree daily)的对比评估,考察CMPA_Daily产品的质量,评价其能否合理体现中国降水的天气气候特征。首先利用2008—2010年5—9月独立检验数据定量对比了CMPA_Daily、TRMM 3B42和GPCP 三种降水产品的误差,结果表明,在误差的时间变化和空间分布上,CMPA_Daily均具有最高的相关系数和最小的平均偏差及均方根误差,TRMM 3B42其次,GPCP的误差相对较大。CMPA_Daily只低估了大暴雨,TRMM 3B42低估了大雨以上量级的降水,而GPCP低估了除小雨以外的所有降水。CMPA_Daily产品因融入了更多的站点观测信息,不论在中国东部沿海,还是中西部地形复杂区,其精度均优于TRMM 3B42和GPCP产品,即使在站点稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily降水量也更加接近站点观测,呈现明显的高相关。CMPA_Daily与独立检验数据的高相关在地形起伏时效果也较稳定,TRMM和GPCP的相关系数则随着地形变化幅度陡变而非常明显地降低。进一步通过对比分析各降水产品1998—2012年的气候平均降水特征表明,3种资料对中国区域气候平均降水量、降水强度、频率分布以及年际变化的总体描述基本一致,因有效融入了更多的中国站点观测信息,不论降水空间分布还是降水量,CMPA_Daily与地面观测均最为接近,在中国的中东部大部分地区对降水的估计精度明显更高,而在站点分布较稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily的降水分布型与TRMM、GPCP卫星融合资料类似,较地面站点插值产品更能体现出合理的降水分布。对中国强降水事件监测对比表明,CMPA_Daily产品可以更加准确地描述降水的强度变化,细致刻画降水空间分布,在把握降水小尺度特征上具有明显的优势,体现出高分辨率、高精度降水产品的特点。     

三维GIS技术在露采矿山环境管理中的应用

在简要介绍GIS技术的基础上,对传统平面图与三维模型进行了比较。结合实例介绍MAPGIS三维模型的建立及其在露采矿山环境管理信息系统中的应用,并对露采矿山生产、管理及决策上提供更加直观、有效的支持。     

根据三斜距确定点的三维坐标及精度

本文绘出一种根据三斜距解算点的三维坐标的直接方法,无需初值、迭代及多值判断,非常适合计算机编程;给出的实用精度估算式能方便地实现根据三斜里估算待定点三维点位精度之目的;对其应用条件的讨论,提出了应用中的具体倾角限值,对指导实际工作具有重要意义。     

胶西北地区三维地质模型构建及意义

为服务于山东深部找矿,结合金矿成矿机理及预测评价,利用Creatar Xmodeling平台建立了胶西北地区三维地质模型,直观、清楚地反映出胶西北地区地层厚度及变化趋势,岩浆岩展布规模、深度及相互接触关系,从空间分布视角可以看出,金成矿与玲珑花岗岩、郭家岭花岗岩、伟德山花岗岩存在密切关联;全方位展示出断裂带之间的关系,...     

关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论

南天山是天山山脉的一支,是中亚型造山带的典型代表,它经历了复杂的增生—碰撞过程。关于古南天山洋最终闭合—碰撞造山(碰撞事件)发生的时间一直存在不同的认识,争论由来已久。综合分析南天山造山带的构造、地层、古生物、岩石、地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的资料,特别是对放射虫、蛇绿岩、蓝片岩、火山弧及前陆盆地沉积等地质事实的研究,我们认为,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末—三叠纪初。