Environmental Copper and Manganese in the Pathophysiology of Neurologic Diseases (Alzheimer's Disease and Manganism)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Populations migrating from developing to industrialized countries seem to elicit a higher incidence and prevalence rate of AD, suggesting lifestyle and environmental factors to have a role in the pathophysiology of AD. One of its major neuropathological hallmarks is the deposition of Aβ peptides as amyloid plaques in the brain of AD patients. Aβ is proteolytically cleaved out of the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). Cu and Mn are often found in drinking water and may have a neurotoxic potential. APP is involved in Cu homeostasis in mouse and man. In vitro observations and in vivo data obtained from APP mouse models provide strong evidence that APP overexpression enables intracellular Cu to be transported out of the cell. Disturbed metal‐ion homeostasis with elevated serum Cu levels occurs in Alzheimer and Down's patients and lowered levels in post‐mortem AD brain. We observed that bioavailable Cu has specific beneficial effects in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. This should be regarded as a proof‐of‐concept for a prophylactic approach to overcome the observed CNS Cu deficiency in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. Manganism is a disorder with symptoms similar to that of Parkinson's disease. The precise mechanism how manganese can damage the nervous system is unknown. There is some evidence that iron and manganese may utilize similar transport systems. Epidemi ologic data strongly suggests that manganese enters the body primarily via inhalation and through the ingestion of manganese in drinking water.     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS II.INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

1 INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMPS AND LOCAL WATER ENTRAINMENT Traveling and stationary internal hydraulic jumps in two-layer flow can occur in the following situations (Fig. 1). When a stratified fluid flows over an obstacle created by a sudden blockage, the layer of increased depth within the heavier fluid will propagate upstream as a traveling hydraulic jump. When the heavier fluid overtops the obstacle it will flow along the downstream face of the obstacle as a supercritical flow…     

滇西北兰坪盆地金满脉状铜矿床绢云母^40Ar-^39Ar年龄对成矿时代的约束

处于印度大陆与亚洲大陆主碰撞带北东侧的兰坪盆地西缘的金满铜矿床，产于中生代陆相沉积砂岩、泥岩中，以其属新类型陆相喷流铜矿床而引起人们的关注。关于其成矿时代至今仍然存在争论。采用常规^40Ar/^39Ar阶段升温测年法对金满铜矿床主矿体旁侧的含铜热液蚀变矿物绢云母进行了测试，获得3组视平均年龄分别为88Ma、67Ma、37Ma。结合兰坪盆地区域地质成矿背景，认为金满铜矿成矿经历了早期67Ma的成矿作用和晚期37Ma的成矿叠加作用，后者代表了金满铜矿的主要形成年龄。金满铜矿床的2期成矿年龄可能是印～藏碰撞(古新世)和走滑～拉分(始新世)等重大地质构造事件在矿床中留下的同位素年龄信息．暗示着古新世时期的构造作用和始新世时期的构造-岩浆-成矿活动对兰坪盆地的作用。     

渤中25-1地区油气运移的输导通道及其示踪分析

渤中25-1地区是渤中坳陷重要的含油气区,具有复杂的构造演化与沉积充填史,输导通道一直是该地区成藏动力学研究的关键.采取宏观与微观相结合的研究思路,在理清研究区构造演化、沉积充填及其油气地质特征的基础上,讨论了油气运移的输导通道并对其进行了示踪分析,进而总结了该区的油气成藏模式.研究表明,长期继承性活动的基底断层是油气垂向运移的主输导通道,原油性质及地层水化学特征证实了断层的输导作用.上新统明化镇组和渐新统沙河街组渗透性储层是油气侧向运移的主要通道.沙河街组油藏具有自源压控侧向运移成藏的特点,明化镇组油藏具有它源断控垂向运移成藏的特点.     

Quantification strategies for human-induced and natural hydrological changes in wetland vegetation, southern Florida, USA

An accurately dated peat profile from a mixed cypress swamp in the Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park (FSPSP, Florida, USA) has been examined for pollen and spores. The near-annual resolved pollen record shows a gradual shift from a wet to a relatively dry assemblage during the past 100 years. Timing of drainage activities in the region is accurately reflected by the onset and duration of vegetation change in the swamp. The reconstructed vegetation record has been statistically related to pollen assemblages from surface sediment samples. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations could thus be determined and this allows better understanding of naturally occurring vegetation changes. In addition, the human impact on Florida wetlands becomes increasingly apparent. Superimposed high-frequency variation in the record suggests a positive correlation between winter-precipitation and pollen productivity of the dominant tree taxa. However, further high-resolution analysis is needed to confirm this relation. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations on both annual- and decadal-scales documented in this study allows recognition and quantification of natural hydrological changes in older deposits from southwest Florida. The strong link between local hydrology and the El Niño Southern Oscillation makes the palynological record from FSPSP highly relevant for studying past El Niño—variability.     

Chandrayaan-1: Science goals

The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-1 mission are simultaneous chemical, mineralogical and topographic mapping of the lunar surface at high spatial resolution. These data should enable us to understand compositional variation of major elements, which in turn, should lead to a better understanding of the stratigraphic relationships between various litho units occurring on the lunar surface. The major element distribution will be determined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (LEX), sensitive in the energy range of 1–10 keV where Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe give their Kα lines. A solar X-ray monitor (SXM) to measure the energy spectrum of solar X-rays, which are responsible for the fluorescent X-rays, is included. Radioactive elements like Th will be measured by its 238.6 keV line using a low energy gamma-ray spectrometer (HEX) operating in the 20–250 keV region. The mineral composition will be determined by a hyper-spectral imaging spectrometer (HySI) sensitive in the 400–920 nm range. The wavelength range is further extended to 2600 nm where some spectral features of the abundant lunar minerals and water occur, by using a near-infrared spectrometer (SIR-2), similar to that used on the Smart-1 mission, in collaboration with ESA. A terrain mapping camera (TMC) in the panchromatic band will provide a three-dimensional map of the lunar surface with a spatial resolution of about 5 m. Aided by a laser altimeter (LLRI) to determine the altitude of the lunar craft, to correct for spatial coverage by various instruments, TMC should enable us to prepare an elevation map with an accuracy of about 10 m. Four additional instruments under international collaboration are being considered. These are: a Miniature Imaging Radar Instrument (mini-SAR), Sub Atomic Reflecting Analyser (SARA), the Moon Mineral Mapper (M3) and a Radiation Monitor (RADOM). Apart from these scientific payloads, certain technology experiments have been proposed, which may include an impactor which will be released to land on the Moon during the mission. Salient features of the mission are described here. The ensemble of instruments onboard Chandrayaan-1 should enable us to accomplish the science goals defined for this mission.     

1-甲基咔唑的结构参数及其热稳定性

利用1-甲基咔唑的分子结构参数,计算了吡咯环氮上氢原子与1-甲基间的距离,计算结果小于氢原子和1-甲基的范德华半径之和,说明氢原子和1-甲基之间存在空间位阻,这一作用迫使键角张大,或是发生扭转,使原子或基团离开芳香环平面,表明咔唑环上1-或8-甲基在化学热力学上是不稳定的,而在咔唑环可能的甲基化中,1-或8-甲基化反应速率较快,推测有更多的产物生成.     

环境与减灾小卫星高光谱成像仪陆地气溶胶光学厚度反演

环境与减灾小卫星高光谱成像仪是搭载在中国将于2007年发射的环境与减灾小卫星A星（HJ-1A）上的传感器之一，在0．45—0．95μm波段范围内设置了约135个通道，空间分辨率为100m，回访周期约为96h。本文根据传感器的参数设置，使用HYPERION数据仿真模拟了HJ-1A高光谱数据，探讨了它在陆地气溶胶光学厚度探测中的应用。文中使用浓密植被算法反演了模拟数据的气溶胶光学厚度。结果表明，HJ-1A高光谱成像仪能够很好地应用于陆地气溶胶光学厚度的反演。