Non-local memory effects of the electromotive force by fluid motion with helicity and two-dimensional periodicity

In mean-field dynamo theory, the electromotive force term 〈u′ × B′〉 due to small-scale fields connects the small-scale magnetic field with the large-scale field. This term is usually approximated as the α-effect, assumed to be instantaneous in time and local in space. However, the approximation is valid only when the magnetic Reynolds number Rm is much less than unity, and is inappropriate when Rm ? 1, which is the condition satisfied in the Earth's core or solar convection zone. We introduce a function φ _qr as a non-local and non-instantaneous generalization of the usual α-effect and examine its behaviour as a function of Rm in the range 1/64 ≤ Rm ≤ 10 for a kinematic dynamo model. We use the flow of G.O. Roberts 1972 Roberts, GO. 1972. Dynamo action of fluid motions with two-dimensional periodicity. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 271: 411–454. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (Phil, Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 1972, 271, 411–454), which is steady and has non-zero helicities and two-dimensional periodicity. As a result, we identify three regions in Rm space according to the behaviour of the function φ _qr : (i) Rm ? 1/4, where the function φ _qr is local and instantaneous and can be approximated by the traditional α and β effects, (ii) 1/4 ? Rm ? 4, where the deviation from the traditional α and β effects increases and non-localness and non-instantaneousness increase, and (iii) Rm ? 4, where boundary layers develop fully and non-localness and non-instantaneousness are prominent. We show that the non-local memory effect for Rm ? 4 strongly affects the dynamo action and explains an observed augmentation of the growth rate in the dispersion relation. The results imply that the non-local memory effect of the electromotive force should be important in the geodynamo or the solar dynamo.     

Weakly nonlinear analysis of the α effect

We address mathematical issues raised by the so-called α?effect of dynamo theory, which is a dynamo mechanism arising in conducting flows with small scale fluctuations. Analytical results on the α?effect concern the linear induction equation, and are usually claimed to hold for the whole magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system, as long as the amplitude of the perturbations is small. We discuss the justification of that claim, in the case of periodic fluctuations of the fields. We show a nonlinear instability result on the MHD system, that predicts dynamo action for a large class of high frequency periodic flows, up to the fully nonlinear regime.     

α径迹测量在非洲特殊环境下的应用及效果

在非洲纳米比亚开展了α径迹测量。针对非洲地区与国内迥然不同的特殊地质和恶劣气候环境,采取了各种应对措施,保证了测量的高灵敏度和准确性;经与钻探资料对比,径迹密度与放射性异常对应很好,测量效果显著。使α径迹测量这一物探找铀矿方法在非洲特殊环境的条件下得到全新的阐释。     

Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Kazdağı Massif (NW Anatolia) based on field studies and radiometric ages

The Kazda?? Massif was previously considered as the metamorphic basement of the Sakarya Zone, a microcontinental fragment in NW Anatolia. Our new field mapping, geochemical investigations, and radiometric dating lead to a re-evaluation of previous suggested models of the massif. The Kazda?? metamorphic succession is subdivided into two major units separated by a pronounced unconformity. The lower unit (the Tozlu metaophiolite) is a typical oceanic crust assemblage consisting of ultramafic rocks and cumulate gabbros. It is unconformably overlain by a thick platform sequence of the upper group (the Sar?k?z unit). The basement ophiolites and overlying platform strata were subjected to a single stage of high-temperature metamorphism under progressive compression during the Alpine orogeny, accompanied by migmatitic metagranite emplacement. Radiometric age data obtained from the Kazda?? metamorphic succession reveal a wide range of ages. Metagranites of the Kazda?? metamorphic succession define a U–Pb discordia upper intercept age of ca. 230 Ma and a lower intercept age of 24.8 ± 4.6 Ma. This younger age agrees with ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single-zircon evaporation ages of 28.2 ± 4.1 to 26 ± 5.6 Ma. Moreover, a lower intercept age of 28 ± 10 Ma from a leucocratic metagranite supports the Alpine ages of the massif within error limits. Reconnaissance detrital zircon ages constrain a wide range of possible transport and deposition ages of the metasediments in the Sar?k?z unit from ca. 120 to 420 Ma. Following high-temperature metamorphism and metagranite emplacement, the Kazda?? sequence was internally imbricated by Alpine compression, and the lowermost Tozlu ophiolite thrust southward onto the Sar?k?z unit. Field mapping, internal stratigraphy, and new radiometric age data show that the Sar?k?z unit is the metamorphic equivalent of the Mesozoic platform succession of the Sakarya Zone. The underlying metaophiolites are remnants of the Palaeo tethys Ocean, which closed during the early Alpine orogeny. After strong deformation attending nappe emplacement, the unmetamorphosed Miocene Evciler and Kavlaklar granites intruded the tectonic packages of the Kazda?? Massif. During Pleistocene time, the Kazda?? Massif was elevated by EW trending high-angle normal faults dipping to Edremit Gulf, and attained its present structural and topographic position. Tectonic imbrication, erosion and younger E–W-trending faulting were the main cause of the exhumation of the massif.     

Tempo-spatial variation of nutrient and chlorophyll-α concentrations from summer to winter in the Zhangzi Island Area (Northern Yellow Sea)

Nutrient and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations were investigated monthly along three transects extending from a mariculture area to open waters around the Zhangzi Island area from July to December 2009. The objective of this study is to illustrate food availability to the bottom-sowed scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under the influences of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), freshwater input and feedbacks of cultivated scallops. Significant thermal stratification was present in open waters from July to October, and salinity decreased in July and August in surface layers in the mariculture area. Nutrient concentrations increased with depth in both areas in summer, but were similar through water column in November and December. On average, nutrient increased from summer to autumn in all components except ammonia. Nutrient concentrations lower than the minimum thresholds for phytoplankton growth were present only in upper layers in summer, but stoichiometric nitrogen limitation existed in the entire investigation period. Column-averaged Chl-a concentration was lower in open waters than in mariculture area in all months. It increased significantly in mariculture area in August and October, and was less variable in open waters. Our results show that nutrients limitation to phytoplankton growth is present mainly in upper layer in association with stratification caused by YSCWM in summer. Freshwater input and upwelling of nutrients accumulated in YSCWM can stimulate phytoplankton production in mariculture area. Farming activities may change stoichiometric nutrient ratios but have less influence on Chl-a concentration.     

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叠前同步反演技术在渤海海域QHD29-2区块油气预测中的应用

针对渤海海域QHD29-2区块主要含油气层段埋深大、地震资料纵向分辨率低,采用叠前AVO同步反演技术对该区块进行储层预测.通过精细的岩石物理分析,选取反映目的层段岩性和流体敏感的弹性参数进行交会分析.结果表明:泊松阻抗(PI)属性为目标区岩性敏感弹性参数;拉梅常数为最敏感流体弹性参数,能够有效判别储层的流体性质.在此基础上进行叠前AVO同步反演,预测QHD29-2区块东营组三段流体的展布范围,预测结果与评价井D井实钻情况吻合,证实该反演方法具有实用性和有效性.     

天山山区夏季MαCS时空分布特征

利用常规观测、FY-2E卫星及EC-Interim 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料对2010-2014年夏季天山及其两侧地区α中尺度对流系统(MαCS)的时空分布特点进行分析,并对典型个例的云图特征和环境条件进行了深入的探讨。结果表明:(1)6月为MαCS出现的高发期且椭圆形MαCS占多数。MαCS形成和发展期主要集中在午后和后半夜,消亡于前半夜,三个时期最易发生时间依次滞后大约2 h,圆形和椭圆形MαCS日频次分别呈单峰和多峰型变化分布。MαCS生命史主要为3~6 h,其中6月生命史分布较广,7-8月较集中;大部分椭圆形MαCS较圆形MαCS生命史和消亡阶段长,圆形MαCS在形成阶段维持时间较长。(2)MαCS多生成于山边平原或浅山区,并在山区主脉上空形成直至成熟,在河谷和山脉两侧的平原区消亡。MαCS成熟期冷云盖长轴长度集中在500~800 km,云顶面积随MαCS出现频次增加而逐渐减小。圆形MαCS发展期移动缓慢,成熟后移速加快,椭圆形MαCS始终移速较慢。MαCS云团TBBmin呈现单峰型且近似正态分布,圆形较椭圆形MαCS的TBB平均梯度大。(3)天山山区MαCS的形成主要是通过层云中多个独立的β中尺度对流云团合并形成。MαCS易发生在高层急流带的抽吸区以及中层低槽前部的辐合上升区,中低层西南和西北气流携带的充沛水汽在大气不稳定层结、不稳定能量持续聚集的背景下辐合上升,促使MαCS不断发展。     

引发四川盆地东部暴雨的西南低涡结构特征研究

利用1951-2008年四川盆地(27°-32°N,105°-110°E)54个地面气象观测站网监测的日雨量资料,分析了四川盆地东部暴雨发生的气候特征。结果表明,四川盆地东部暴雨(或伴有雷雨大风、冰雹大风等)多发生在6-9月,川东北和渝东北是单站暴雨的高发区,重庆西部是大范围暴雨的多发区;引发四川盆地东部(宜宾、南充和重庆西部)暴雨的主要天气系统是西南低涡。对2007-2010年6次西南低涡暴雨过程进行了合成分析,分析表明,西南低涡热力结构特征具有200hPa存在明显增暖现象,对流层中低层则由暖转冷;西南低涡初期大气对流性不稳定明显;西南低涡动力结构特征具有200hPa西风急流在36°N附近,500hPa低槽东移,槽前正涡度加强,从对流层底垂直伸展到300hPa以上,正涡度中心随高度向西倾斜,850～500hPa平均正涡度大值区与低涡中心对应,对流层中低层北风大值区与南风大值区在低涡中心附近形成强水平风切变,同时低涡中心附近的垂直风切变也较明显。促使西南低涡发展的水汽主要来自南海,低空急流由南向北输送水汽,将对流层低层到大气边界层内的水汽输送到低涡中心附近。西南低涡发生、发展过程中在红外卫星云图上具有MCC等中-α尺度特征,发展强盛的西南低涡在多普勒天气雷达回波上有"列车效应"和中气旋特征。