Rupture pattern of the Oct 23,2011 Van-Merkez,Eastern Turkey earthquake

High-frequency rupture process of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake is imaged by back-projection method using high-quality teleseismic P wave data from the US Array, and prestack Kirchhoff migration using P wave data from a subarray of global seismic networks. The rupture model with two asperities is confirmed by previous two methods. In low-frequency imaging, a large asperity derived from the migration method corresponds to the second one from the high-frequency P waves. The con- sistency of the locations of asperities from datasets with different frequency bands indicates that there is possible insignificance of the frequency-dependent feature for the earthquake. The resultant images illustrate the spatial and temporal evolution of the rupture, which mainly propa- gated WSW over a length of 33 km during the first 18 s, accompanying with bursts of two asperities at 3 and 11-13 s. The rupture direction is confirmed by the S wave comer frequency variations of strong ground accelerations. The rupture fronts are mainly located at the updip of the causative fault. Based on polarities of the P waveforms and focal mechanisms of the mainshock and aftershocks, the failure of these two asperities is determined to have occurred on a reverse fault with a dip angle of 47°. Hence, the rupture pattern of the 2011 Van-Merkez earthquakewas dominated by a unilateral rupture toward the west- southwest direction.     

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华庆油田长8超低渗透砂岩油藏水驱微观机理

为探讨超低渗透砂岩油藏水驱开发中不同级别孔隙的动用及残余油赋存等问题,对鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区延长组长8段典型岩样开展水驱油核磁共振实验。定义区间驱油效率、驱油效率贡献,根据核磁共振T2谱形态,分弛豫时间＜10ms孔隙区间、弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙区间、总孔隙区间讨论饱和油状态和水驱最终状态各孔隙区间的含油饱和度、动用含油饱和度、残余油饱和度、驱油效率贡献、区间驱油效率及其与渗透率的相关关系。研究表明,渗透率＜0.07×10-3μm2,原油主要赋存在弛豫时间＜10ms孔隙区间;渗透率＞0.07×10-3μm2,原油主要赋存在弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙区间。弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙,油气富集程度对渗透率更敏感。渗透率越低,弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙的区间驱油效率越高,但其总体积偏低,故水驱开发早期产量高,产量递减快（弛豫时间＜10ms孔隙的区间驱油效率增加缓慢）,这与该类油藏水驱开发特征相吻合。无论渗透率如何低,弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙区间的动用含油饱和度、驱油效率贡献始终高于弛豫时间＜10ms孔隙区间。油藏水驱开发阶段,调整挖潜的对象始终在弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙部分。水驱结束后,渗透率大于0.48×10-3μm2的油藏,残余油主要集中在弛豫时间＞10ms孔隙;渗透率＜0.48×10-3μm2的油藏,残余油主要集中在弛豫时间＜10ms孔隙,这为油藏水驱开发后实施提高采收率技术指明方向。     

Structure et caractérisation des matériaux utilisés dans la construction d'une mosaı̈que romaine de la cité de Volubilis (Maroc)

In Volubilis, Roman mosaics are very beautiful and reveal, from the bottom to the surface, three layers: (i) ‘hedgehog’ layer, (ii) coarse grain mortar layer (rudus + nucleus) and (iii) tesselatum. Mineralogical analysis of coarse grain mortar sampled in Flavius Germanus mosaic shows that it consisted of quartz and calcite, with some feldspar and probably mica and dolomite. Fine-grained mortar in tesselatum is made from a mixture of calcite and quartz only. Limestone tesserae (white, pink and brown) show petrographic facies that change from micritic to oolithic limestone. Conversely, black and brick red tesserae are respectively made of marble, red sandstone and from fire clay. Other colours as yellow, blue, green and grey are obtained from artificial glass with different chemical compositions. To cite this article: A. Dekayir et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).