父权的衰微——从五·四启蒙运动谈起

在中国十九世纪末二十世纪初的启蒙运动中,启蒙思想家们将启蒙国民性的重点放在了批判儒家思想中的家族制度和家族伦理上。家族制度和家族伦理作为封建父权的安身立命之所,对它们的质疑和瓦解必然导致父权在整体上被瓦解,从此,父权走上了衰微之路。     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)繁殖模式的分子学鉴定

我国金乌贼自然资源日渐衰退,为制定相应的保护措施,需要对金乌贼的繁殖模式进行分析研究。本实验在青岛海域采捕活体金乌贼成体22只,进行室内繁育。根据形态学判定参与受精产卵雌性有2只(F8,F18)雄性18只。为了进一步探索金乌贼的繁殖模式,对雌体F2纳精囊处交配后留下的精荚中的精子进行了微卫星DNA标记检测,发现至少2个雄性参与交配行为;同时,随机选取子代幼体87只,利用8个DNA微卫星位点进行亲权鉴定。结果表明:F8个体是42只幼体的母本,而剩余45只的母本是F18,由F8产卵孵化的幼体潜在父本是M4和M5,由F18产卵孵化的幼体潜在父本是M12和M13,每一个雌性可能与至少2个潜在雄性交配并受精。分析结果显示金乌贼繁殖模式存在一雌多雄关系,为科学维持和保护原种基因库,有的放矢地进行繁育、增养殖和人工放流工作提供重要支撑。     

Molecular research on the systematically challenging smoothhound shark genus Mustelus: a synthesis of the past 30 years

The species-rich genus Mustelus (smoothhounds) of the shark family Triakidae is one of the most bio-economically important groups of elasmobranchs in the world’s oceans. Despite the commercial value of Mustelus, the systematics of the group remains largely unresolved and there is no global review or synthesis of knowledge about the conservation status and conservation genetics of smoothhounds across all oceanic regions. Here, we analysed published studies as well as grey literature to gain insight into the biogeographic, ecological and behavioural factors that shape genetic diversity in smoothhounds, and we identify critical knowledge gaps. From a series of molecular phylogenetic studies it can be inferred that the genus Mustelus is paraphyletic and that the aplacental species evolved secondarily from the placental species of the genus. The increasing availability of genetic data aids in disentangling systematic issues, such that more meaningful morphological characters can be chosen for use in practical field-identification keys for co-occurring smoothhounds. An integrative taxonomic approach to the genus Mustelus may offer the best chance of recording and protecting the biodiversity of these sharks. Furthermore, it is evident that different smoothhound species exhibit unique gene-flow patterns, suggesting varying rates within species and hence that species-level conservation approaches would be most appropriate. Molecular studies have advanced our understanding of smoothhound biology (including reproductive traits), ecology and evolution. While many knowledge gaps remain, a crucial lesson from this review is that, when doing assessments on a molecular level, it is important to place genetic results in a broader context, by assimilating biological and ecological data, if definitive conclusions are to be drawn.     

Multiple paternity in the common long‐armed octopus Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis

Multiple paternity was assessed in Octopus minor using microsatellite DNA markers. Octopus minor adults were captured in traps and kept in indoor cement ponds. The females spawned after several days. Ten broods (B1–B10), each containing 15 embryos and the maternal octopus, were maintained until the embryos reached the stage at which DNA could be extracted and used for genotyping. Multiple paternity was tested using five microsatellite DNA markers and the results proved the hypothesis that multiple paternity occurs in O. minor (observed in six out of the 10 broods). Analysis with GERUD software gave the minimum number of fathers and showed that four broods were sired by a single male, three were sired by two different males and three were sired by three different males. In brood B10, the number of fathers identified by the single‐locus method was one fewer than that by the GERUD method. Of the six multiple paternity broods, four (66.7%) showed significant skew from equal paternal contributions, which indicated that sperm competition and/or cryptic female choice may be important for post‐copulatory paternity bias in this species.