Superlong gamma-ray bursts

We searched for anomalously long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the archival records of the Burst and Transient Sources Experiment (BATSE). Ten obvious superlong (>500 s) GRBs with almost continuous emission episodes were found. Nine of these events were known from the BATSE catalog, but five had no duration estimates; we found one burst for the first time. We also detected events with emission episodes separated by a long period of quiescence (up to ～1000 s) with a total duration of 1000–2000 s. In the latter case, we cannot reach an unequivocal conclusion about a common origin of the episodes due to the BATSE poor angular resolution. However, for most of these pairs, the probability of independent GRBs coinciding is much lower than unity, and the probability that all of these are coincidences is ～10^?8. All of the events have a hardness ratio (the ratio of the count rates in different energy channels) typical of GRBs, and their unique duration is unlikely to be related to their high redshifts. Superlong bursts do not differ in their properties from typical long (>2 s) GRBs. We estimated the fraction of superlong GRBs (>500 s) among the long (>2 s)GRBs in the BATSE sample with fluxes up to 0.1 ph cm^?2 s^?1 to be between 0.3 and 0.5%, which is higher than the estimate based on the BATSE catalog.     

测井评价煤层气储层的方法探讨

根据煤层气储层实验室分析确定的体积模型（碳、灰分、挥发分、水分）,以测井曲线予以评价。其中以自然伽马测井确定湿灰分,该方法的前提条件是湿分主要是泥质且泥质不具放射性元素;以密度测井与人工伽马测井确定含碳量,并对密度测井作湿分校正;以灰分校正后的密度测井确定饱和水孔隙度;含气量的估算以声波测井和密度测井组成的复合参数ΔT/dDEN来确定,或以视电阻率曲线确定含气量。以某地区2个钻孔为例,讨论了煤层深度、压力等与水分、灰分、含气饱和度、含气量等参数的关系,认为含气量与深度成正比关系。     

提取油气田伽玛能谱弱异常方法研究

1988年在任丘油田100km~2范围内进行地面伽玛能谱测量。为减小随机干扰,采用最小二乘圆滑、加权游动平均对原始数据进行处理。结果表明加权游动平均方法效果较好。为进一步突出找油信息。采用趋势分析、组合变量和聚类分析方法对数据进行处理,并在此基础上提出了以聚类分析为基础的航空伽玛能谱数据归一化方法。用该方法对航空能谱数据进行处理,测区内三个已知油田在归一化图上都有明显低值反映。其中位于高场中的低值异常在原始图上则很难辨别出来。     

我国航空放射性测量的进展

本文概述了我国航空放射性测量在铀矿普查中取得的地质找矿成果和今后工作设想。文中全面而简要地综述了近10年来我国航空放射性测最在仪器设备、技术方法、标定设施、资料研究和综合找矿等方面的进展情况。     

Cosmic GRB 060428C detected in the field of view of the IBIS and SPI telescopes onboard the INTEGRAL observatory and its early afterglow

While analyzing the archival data of the INTEGRAL observatory, we detected and localized a cosmic gamma-ray burst recorded on April 28, 2006, by the IBIS/ISGRI and SPI telescopes in their fields of view. Since the burst was not revealed by the INTEGRAL burst alert system (IBAS), information about its coordinates was not distributed in time and no search for its afterglow was conducted. The burst was recorded by the KONUS/WIND and RHES SI satellites. Its 20–200-keV fluence was 2.3 × 10^?6 erg cm^?2, the peak flux was 3.6 × 10^?7 erg cm^?2 s^?1 (3.9 phot. cm^?2 s^?1). The burst had a complex multipeaked profile and stood out among typical bursts by an increase in its hardness with time. At the flux peak, the spectrum was characterized by a photon index α ? ?1.5 and a peak energy E _p ? 95 keV. The burst lasted for ～12 s, after which its afterglow decaying as a power law with an index γ ～ ?4.5 was observed at energies 15–45 keV. The spectral hardness decreased noticeably during the afterglow.     

Nucleosynthesis of 56Ni in wind-driven supernova explosions and constraints on the central engine of gamma-ray bursts

Theoretically expected natures of a supernova (SN) driven by a wind/jet are discussed. Approximate analytical formulations are derived to clarify basic physical processes involved in the wind/jet-driven explosions, and it is shown that the explosion properties are characterized by the energy injection rate     and the mass injection rate     . To explain observations of Supernova 1998bw associated with gamma-ray burst (GRB) 980425, the following conditions are required:     and     (if the wind Lorentz factor  Γ_w∼ 1  ) or     (if  Γ_w≫ 1  ). In Supernova 1998bw, ⁵⁶Ni  (∼0.4 M_⊙)  is probably produced in the shocked stellar mantle, not in the wind. The expected natures of SNe, e.g. ejected ⁵⁶Ni mass and ejecta mass, vary depending on     and     . The sequence of the SN properties from high     and     to low     and     is as follows: Supernova 1998bw-like – intermediate case – low mass ejecta  (≲1 M_⊙)  where ⁵⁶Ni is from the wind – whole collapse. This diversity may explain the diversity of SNe associated with GRBs. Our result can be used to constrain natures of the wind/jet, which are linked to the central engine of GRBs, by studying properties of the associated SNe.     

Investigation of gamma-ray bursts with known redshifts: Statistical analysis of parameters

Observational parameters of the optical and gamma-ray emissions from 58 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with discovered afterglows and known redshifts are analyzed. The distributions of these parameters and pair correlations between them are studied. Approximately half of the objects exhibit a relatively slow decrease in the optical flux at initial afterglow phases (with a power-law index in the decay law α < 1). Correlations have been found between the luminosities, energies, and durations of the optical and gamma-ray emissions, which can be explained by the presence of universal features in the light curves. A correlation of the peak luminosity for afterglows with the redshift and an anticorrelation of their durations with the redshift have been found for the first time. Against the background of a weak z dependence of the total afterglow energy, this effect can be explained by cosmological evolution of the GRB environment, which determines the rate of optical energy release.     

地层学研究方法的增新──自然γ测井

系统而扼要地介绍有关火山事件岩层中放射性元素和４０Ｋ含量及自然γ测井的基础知识及应用概况。对缺乏古生物化石和疑难地层有条件时可采用酸性火山事件岩层及其自然γ测井资料作为地层学研究的补充方法。