SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE-LAYER TURBULENCE OVER THE SUBURBS OF TIANJIN*

The paper computed the spectra of velocity and temperature,and the cospectra of velocity and temperature by the observational data of July,1990 in the suburbs of Tianjin.The results show that the characteristics of the atmospheric turbulence spectra over the suburbs are basically in accordance with some typical results over the flat terrain.But the scale,on which turbulence can satisfy the isotropic condition,over the suburbs is larger than over the flat terrain.The spectrum peak frequency range is a bit narrower.The feature of the spectrum range in low frequency(LF) is out of accordance with that of the flat terrain either.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENCE SPECTRA IN DIFFERENT WEATHER PROCESSES UNDER UNSTABLE CONDITIONS*

In this paper,the data chosen from measurements by supersonic anemometers in Tongxian County of Beijing in 1990 are used to study characteristics of turbulence spectra in precipitation weather.Some turbulence parameters such as turbulence intensity,heat and momentum fluxes,friction velocity,M-O length and stability parameter are calculated and their dependence on turbulence spectra in different stability conditions are analyzed.Some encouraging results are obtained and compared with others' results.     

赤道电离层泡短波区密度谱理论分析

本文主要讨论在导致赤道夜间扩展F回波的上升汽泡中,短波区（λ25m）等离子体密度谱分布的物理机制,说明不均匀体内不同的湍动水平将产生不同的谱结构。对于较低湍动水平的汽泡,由于纵向离子声波和具有有限平行波矢漂移波的耦合共振相互作用,导致波模间能量的有效传输,从而控制湍动水平的发展,形成等能多峰谱结构。另一方面,对于湍动充分发展的汽泡,由长波区大幅度扰动维持的短波区强漂移湍动态,在Kr_Li≈2处形成一较宽的极大谱峰,然后谱以K^-2.6的形式减小。理论分析和探测结果符合甚好。     

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN''''AN RICE PADDIES

From July to September of 1990,CH_4 flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profiletechniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surfacelayer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changeswith the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH_4 flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided bythe methnogenesis and the process of CH4 transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH_4 verticaltransfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH_4 flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the meanCH_4 flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BSTin the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH_4 flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m~2 h.     

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN’AN RICE PADDIES*

From July to September of 1990,CH₄ flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profile techniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surface layer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changes with the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH₄ flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided by the methnogenesis and the process of CH₄ transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH₄ vertical transfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH₄ flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the mean CH₄ flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BST in the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH₄ flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m² h.     

Further Studies Of Atmospheric Turbulence In Layers Near The Surface: Scaling The Tke Budget Above The Roughness Sublayer

The second of two experimental studies of the TKE budget conducted on sites of different roughness is described, and results are compared. The first took place within a shallow layer above a small field of mostly bare, cultivated soil; the second was carried out above a roughness sublayer of significant depth on an extensive plain of tall dry grass. Budget terms observed in the second study were scaled with a modified u which compensated for effects of an unusually large stress gradient and ensured that the _m functions would be collinear. By showing that the modification becomes negligible in smaller gradients, it is demonstrated that in normal conditions, budgets observed above significant roughness sublayers should be normalized by scaling in terms of the unreduced Reynolds stress at the sublayer's upper surface. This procedure is shown to be consistent with the expectation that TKE budgets in layers near the surface all scale in fundamentally the same way.Other findings include: (1) the fact that most _m functions previously reported are not quite collinear is attributed to a type of overspeeding known to affect three-cup anemometers; (2) revised _m functions, collinear and largely free of the effects of overspeeding, are determined from a well-established characteristic of the linear _m relation for the stable case; (3) data that define collinear _m functions can also be represented with single hyperbolic curves; (4) dissipation is found to be 10 to 15% too small to balance total TKE production in unstable and neutral conditions and to decrease with increasing z/L in thestable regime; and (5) new relations for based on the observed behaviour of the dissipation deficit provide an improved closure for the set of equations that express the budget terms as functions of _m and z/L.     

格子玻尔兹曼方法及其在大气湍流研究中的应用

文章的目的是对格子玻尔兹曼方法进行系统的介绍，格子玻尔兹曼方法(Lattice Boltzmann Method)的出现直接来源于20世纪60年代的元胞自动机(Cellular Automata)思想，而这一方法用于解决流动现象时，又可以追溯到19世纪的分子运动论，求解的是Boltzmann提出的玻尔兹曼输运方程，因此将这一方法称为格子玻尔兹曼方法，之前也被称为格子气自动机(Lattice Gas Automaton)。该方法多用于研究复杂现象，如材料晶体凝聚时的生长过程、城市土地利用的演化等方面。在20世纪70年代由Hardy、Pomeau和Pazzis建立了第一个用于研究流体运动的格子气自动机，此后，这一方法被广泛用来模拟各种流动问题，诸如二相流、孔隙介质中的渗流等，并根据这一方法开发了相应的商业软件PowerFlow。同时，格子玻尔兹曼方法由于其在微观水平描述运动的特点，成为研究湍流的一个很好的数值计算工具，特别是用其进行直接数值模拟(DNS)计算，成为继传统的差分法、有限体积法和谱方法之后的又一有力的手段。而作为大气运动的一个主要现象的大气湍流，比普通湍流更加复杂，在这里着重介绍了大气湍流的特点和应用格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟湍流的发展过程。     

Simulation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics during Indian Summer Monsoon using Observations from Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment at Jodhpur, India

The diurnal structure of the boundary layer during Indian summer monsoon period is studied using a one-dimensional meteorological boundary layer model and the observations collected from the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment conducted in 1990 at Jodhpur, India. The model was initialized with the observed temperature profiles at 0530 LST on 17 July, 1990 at Jodhpur and was run for 26 hours. The study is carried out with a geostrophic wind speed of 9.5 m s⁻¹ corresponding to the strong wind simulation. The mean thermodynamic and wind structure simulated by the model are in good agreement with those observed from 30 m tower. The computed surface layer characteristics such as the surface fluxes, TKE and standard deviations of velocity components are found to be reasonably in good agreement with those based on turbulence measurements. The shear and buoyancy budget computed from the model are also compared with the turbulence measurements. The integrated cooling budget in the nocturnal boundary layer is examined.     

The visualization of turbulence data using a wavelet‐based method

This technical communication presents some MATLAB^® routines for visualizing the structure in turbulent signals based on a standard conditional averaging and thresholding approach. Up to three velocity components may be analysed and the resulting output highlights the time at which important flow events occur as well as the frequency levels that contribute the greatest energy to this particular event. The latter information is derived from a wavelet decomposition of the signal and may assist in providing a process‐based explanation of observed flow features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF SECOND-MOMENT TURBULENT VARIABLES*

Two kinds of observational data,fluctuation and mean profile measurements,from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing,China,are used to evaluate local scales of velocity and temperature for higher heights by flux-gradient mean profiles and eddy-correlation techniques.A comparison of these methods each other was made in terms of vertical turbulence fluxes for momentum and beat at the same heigbt.The vertical profiles of non-dimensional second moments.such as vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat.velocity and temperature standard deviations,were derived by local similarity theory.The local similarity relations expressed that the vertical distributions of non-dimensional second moment variables were found to be functions of z/Λ and z/h in the stable boundary layer and the function of z/Z_i for the convective boundary layer,where A the local Monin Obukhov(M-O) length. h the height of stable boundary layer and Z_i the height of mixed-layer.These relations are shown to agree well with the observational data.