Kalman-filter-based GPS clock estimation for near real-time positioning

In this article, an algorithm for clock offset estimation of the GPS satellites is presented. The algorithm is based on a Kalman-filter and processes undifferenced code and carrier-phase measurements of a global tracking network. The clock offset and drift of the satellite clocks are estimated along with tracking station clock offsets, tropospheric zenith path delay and carrier-phase ambiguities. The article provides a brief overview of already existing near-real-time and real-time clock products. The filter algorithm and data processing scheme is presented. Finally, the accuracy of the orbit and clock product is assessed with a precise orbit determination of the MetOp satellite and compared to results gained with other real-time products.

Conceptualizing a multi-layered shingle aquifer model based on volcanic stratigraphy and water inflow to lava caves in Jeju Island,Korea

Volcanic aquifers supply a substantial portion of water resources in many parts of the world, including islands, and their productivity depends strongly on volcanic stratigraphy, which exhibits considerable heterogeneity. We investigated water inflow to lava tube caves formed from numerous basaltic lava flows in the northeastern coastal area of Jeju Island after storm events and monitored relative inflow rates monthly over 1 year to characterize groundwater flow processes in the upper parts of volcanic aquifers, and to evaluate the applicability of the previous hydrogeological models proposed for the island. Considerable water inflow arose shortly after storms from exposed palaeosol layers on the walls of the caves. The monthly monitoring results showed that wall inflow associated with these palaeosol layers is substantial. In both cases, discharge from ceiling drips was much less and more temporally variable compared to wall inflow discharge. Water flowing into the caves was rapidly drained through the floor at all monitoring sites. The lateral extent of the palaeosol layers was identified using drill core logs near the cave and outcrops in the coastal area. Based on these results, we inferred that multiple perched aquifers are formed by low-permeability palaeosol layers between lava flows, which are connected by vertical flows at discontinuities in the palaeosol layer, eventually reaching the basal aquifer. This study revealed the water inflow processes observed in lava tube caves constrained by palaeosol layers, and established a hydrogeological conceptual model incorporating multiple perched aquifers in both coastal and mountainous areas associated with extensive palaeosol layers formed during volcanic hiatuses. This finding would help elucidate recharge, groundwater flow, and contaminant transport processes in many volcanic aquifers that are not adequately represented by the previous models, and contribute to better management of groundwater in those areas.     

管索组合结构及其力学性能研究

为防止在巷道围岩中锚索发生剪切破断,进一步提高锚索的抗剪强度,自主研发的管索组合结构能更好地提高围岩的抗剪强度及稳定性,该结构主要由C型钢管和锚索组成。在详细介绍了管索组合结构支护结构的基础上,为了更好地研究管索组合结构的力学性能,利用自主研发的新型管索拉剪试验系统分别对不同类型、不同预应力、不同索径的管索组合结构及纯锚索进行了室内力学特性试验,分别从受力?剪切位移曲线特征、支护构件类型影响和支护结构破断模式等方面对比分析了试验结果。结果表明,管索组合结构在剪切过程中经历孔壁岩石自由变形、孔壁岩石压缩C型管、C型管握裹锚索共同变形3个阶段;管索组合结构的剪切破断形式表现为拉伸破断和拉剪复合破断,其峰值剪力与预紧力呈负相关,且与纯锚索相比,管索组合结构的剪切塑性铰的轴向距离较大,管索组合结构的最大剪力、最大轴力以及整体结构变形能力均得到提高,提升率分别达到26.8%、3.5%和7.0%以上。试验结果表明,采用管索组合结构可以有效提高结构面的整体抗剪能力。当围岩发生变形破坏时,锚索与C型钢管的组合结构不仅可以增加整个支护系统的抗剪强度,而且可以同时提高锚索的抗拔能力,从而实现锚索+C型钢管1+1＞2的支护效果,在巷道周围组成有效的围岩承载圈,实现巷道围岩的稳定。     

辽宁瓦房店地区50号金伯利岩管及其周边构造特征

辽宁瓦房店地区的3个金伯利岩带内的典型金伯利岩管产于NE向、NNE向与近EW向3组构造薄弱带中,并严格受其控制;3组构造交汇部位是今后找寻金伯利岩管的有利部位。构造期次对该区50号岩管具有明显控制作用:早期近EW向挤压破碎带为金伯利岩管的导矿构造;中期NE向断裂为控矿构造;晚期NNE向断裂、NW向断裂,对金伯利岩体起破坏作用。50号岩管及其周边金伯利岩体与构造盆地具有较明确的关联性;野外调查表明,50号岩管周边也曾发生过由E向W方向(或由SE向NW方向)的水平运动,且三维建模显示现在50号岩管不是岩体的根部,应在其东部或东南部寻找可能的剩余部分。     

高轴压比下圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

通过2根圆钢管普通混凝土柱与5根圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱在高轴压比下的水平低周反复加载试验,研究圆钢管钢渣混凝土柱的轴压比、钢管壁厚、钢渣砂替代率和长细比对其破坏形态、滞回耗能能力、骨架曲线、延性及耗能、刚度退化的影响规律。研究结果表明:钢渣混凝土试件破坏过程和破坏形态与普通混凝土试件基本相同,主要表现为钢管底部鼓曲的压弯破坏;所有试件滞回曲线饱满,无明显“捏缩”现象;高轴压比试件存在明显承载力突降现象,合理的径厚比（钢管直径/钢管壁厚）对高轴压比试件承载力突降有明显改善作用;低轴压比试件延性系数大于4.0,高轴压比试件延性系数介于1.57～3.76之间,轴压比增大,试件延性下降;试件破坏时等效粘滞阻尼系数ξ_eq介于0.259～0.437之间;建议采用《钢管混凝土混合结构技术标准》（GB/T51446－2021）或《钢管混凝土结构技术规程》（DBJ/T13－51－2010）计算地震作用下钢管钢渣混凝土柱压弯承载力,但高轴压比钢管钢渣混凝土柱计算结果需乘以折减系数0.8。     

BDS卫星天线相位中心改正模型比较

介绍北斗二代卫星系统(BDS)3种卫星天线相位中心改正模型,分析对比不同模型对精密定轨、卫星钟差以及精密定位的影响。结果表明,ESA/ESOC的BDS卫星天线相位中心改正模型在精密定轨、卫星钟差和精密定位方面均优于其他模型结果,建议在北斗高精度数据处理中采用。     

地热井套管外水位测管系统的设计与试验应用

地热井水位的监测是地热开发与利用过程中的一项重要工作,尤其是为了加强资源管理,合理平衡利用地热资源,使得监测工作日趋常态化。目前水位测量的工作主要在地热井的套管内来实现,或直接下入测线、或以并列安装在泵管上的测管作为通道来完成测量工作,其中前者由于潜水泵的泵管和电缆易与测线发生缠绕,影响测量精度,后者由于系统不完善经常无法测量,无法达到监测测量工作的要求。针对这些问题研制了一套基于连通器原理的套管外水位测管系统,并通过在试验井的安装测试证明其可行性及实用性。介绍了该系统的工作原理、结构设计、安装测试过程,并对测试结果进行了分析和评价。     

多星定轨条件下北斗卫星钟差的周期性变化

基于地面监测网的多星精密定轨可以同时解算出北斗卫星轨道和卫星钟差。由于轨道和钟差的耦合影响,卫星钟差时序难免会出现周期性波动。此外,受限于目前并不完善的北斗全球监测网络分布、系统导航文件缺失以及定轨后处理软件的设置问题,3类卫星的钟差均存在大量数据间断问题。本文利用适用于间断数据的谱分析方法,对多星定轨条件下的北斗卫星钟差数据进行了周期项提取,并利用周期项改进后的钟差预报模型评估了24h以内的预报精度。基于近一年的数据分析表明,北斗GEO卫星钟差3个主周期依次为12、24和8h,IGSO卫星钟差的3个主周期依次为24、12和8h,而MEO卫星钟差的3个主周期依次为12.91、6.44和24h。与改进前相比,周期项改进后的钟差预报模型将北斗卫星钟差在24h以内的预报精度提高了20%~40%。     

北斗IGSO/MEO卫星姿态控制及光压差异分析

为规避GPS等国外卫星导航系统动态偏航姿态控制模式中的地影机动以及正午和午夜机动,北斗IGSO/MEO卫星采用了动态偏航和零偏航两种姿态控制模式。针对姿态控制模式引起的卫星本体、帆板受照及光压力的变化对定轨、定位解算造成的影响,该文通过对卫星姿态及受照的分析,查找由于姿态变化所造成的卫星光压摄动力变化的转换点,指出引起动偏、零偏下卫星光压摄动力差异的主要因素是零偏下入射太阳光线与太阳帆板不垂直,存在小角度夹角;两种姿态控制模式下光压摄动力的差异量级在10-8 m/s2。该研究成果可以为北斗卫星轨道确定提供技术支持。     

地面测控站分布对北斗卫星精密定轨的影响

北斗卫星精确定轨是北斗卫星导航系统应用与服务的核心技术,而地面测控站的分布是影响其精度的主要原因之一。针对北斗卫星地面跟踪站的现状,该文基于几何法定轨的基本原理,将卫星定轨的观测方程线性化,根据位置精度衰减因子值的构成,分析了测站分布与卫星定轨精度之间的关系。通过3种实验方案,对比不同测站分布和测站数量对北斗卫星定轨精度和计算效率的影响。实验结果表明:仅利用现有iGMAS站和BETS站的观测数据,很难获取高精度的北斗定轨结果;增加国际MGEX的北斗数据后,定轨精度有明显提高,尤其体现在GEO卫星切线方向;利用40个全球均匀分布的北斗站与利用70个站的定轨精度相当,但前者的解算效率较后者可提高近1倍。