Reaction progress related to indentation structures at glaucophane/glaucophane contacts in an impure marble from Syros, Greece

Microstructures of brittle mineral grains embedded in a ductile matrix provide information on the influence of stress concentration on reaction progress during metamorphism. Under non-hydrostatic conditions, contrasts of mechanical properties between minerals possibly cause stress concentrations at specific grain boundaries, which may result in a localization of subsequent reactions. In an impure marble from Syros, Greece, glaucophane grains occurring in a calcite matrix commonly impinge on other glaucophane grains to form concavo-convex boundary contacts. The geometrical relationship between grain boundary and growth zoning within glaucophane grains indicates that indentation and dissolution occurred preferentially at the glaucophane/glaucophane contacts in response to compression normal to the foliation. In contrast, idioblastic surfaces of glaucophane were preserved at glaucophane/calcite boundaries, indicating that stress concentrated at glaucophane/glaucophane contacts. The retrograde minerals (winchite, albite and biotite) that were formed by consuming glaucophane are observed not only at the extensive site, but also at the 'compressive' site where indentation occurred. The precipitation of retrograde minerals at the extensive sites was accompanied by glaucophane dissolution at the indentation stage. In contrast, the formation of retrograde minerals at the 'compressive' site indicates that retrograde replacement preferentially proceeded at the indented sites even after stress relaxation. Such a localization of the replacement suggests that the formation of damaged zones around glaucophane/glaucophane contacts induced by stress concentration would have provided the preferential sites for glaucophane breakdown at the later stage.     

Origin of Pyroxenite-Peridotite Veined Mantle by Refertilization Reactions: Evidence from the Ronda Peridotite (Southern Spain)

The Ronda orogenic peridotite (southern Spain) contains a varietyof pyroxene-rich rocks ranging from high-pressure garnet granulitesand pyroxenites to low-pressure plagioclase–spinel websterites.The ‘asthenospherized’ part of the Ronda peridotitecontains abundant layered websterites (‘group C’pyroxenites), without significant deformation, that occur asswarms of layers showing gradual modal transitions towards theirhost peridotites. Previous studies have suggested that theselayered pyroxenites formed by the replacement of refractoryspinel peridotites. Here, we present a major- and trace-element,and numerical modelling study of a layered outcrop of groupC pyroxenite near the locality of Tolox aimed at constrainingthe origin of these pyroxenites after host peridotites by pervasivepyroxene-producing, refertilization melt–rock reactions.Mg-number [= Mg/(Mg + Fe) cationic ratio] numerical modellingshows that decreasing Mg-number with increasing pyroxene proportion,characteristic of Ronda group C pyroxenites, can be accountedfor by a melt-consuming reaction resulting in the formationof mildly evolved, relatively low Mg-number melts (0·65)provided that the melt fraction during reaction and the time-integratedmelt/rock ratio are high enough (>0·1 and > 1,respectively) to balance Mg–Fe buffering by peridotiteminerals. This implies strong melt focusing caused by melt channellingin high-porosity domains resulting from compaction processesin a partial melted lithospheric domain below a solidus isothermrepresented by the Ronda peridotite recrystallization front.The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns ofgroup C whole-rocks and clinopyroxenes are convex-upward. Numericalmodeling of REE variations in clinopyroxene produced by a pyroxene-forming,melt-consuming reaction results in curved trajectories in the(Ce/Nd)_N vs (Sm/Yb)_N diagram (where N indicates chondrite normalized).Based on (Ce/Nd)_N values, two transient, enriched domains betweenthe light REE (LREE)-depleted composition of the initial peridotiteand that of the infiltrated melt may be distinguished in thereaction column: (1) a lower domain characterized by convex-upwardREE patterns similar to those observed in Ronda group C pyroxenite–peridotite;(2) an upper domain characterized by melts with strongly LREE-enrichedcompositions. The latter are probably volatile-rich, small-volumemelt fractions residual after the refertilization reactionsthat generated group C pyroxenites, which migrated throughoutthe massif—including the unmelted lithospheric spinel-tectonitedomain. The Ronda mantle domains affected by pyroxenite- anddunite- or harzburgite-forming reactions (the ‘layeredgranular’ subdomain and ‘plagioclase-tectonite’domain) are on average more fertile than the residual, ‘coarsegranular’ subdomain at the recrystallization front. Thisindicates that refertilization traces the moving boundariesof receding cooling of a thinned and partially melted subcontinentallithosphere. This refertilization process may be widespreadduring transient thinning and melting of depleted subcontinentallithospheric mantle above upwelling asthenospheric mantle. KEY WORDS: subcontinental mantle; refertilization; pyroxenite; peridotite; websterite; melt–rock reaction; plagioclase; trace elements     

Efficient detection of pathogen virus in sand dabs, Paralichthys olivaceus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and marine birnavirus (MABV) are the causative pathogens for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging viral diseases in many Asian countries, leading to huge economic losses in aquaculture. Rapid molecular detection for surveillance or diagnosis has been a critical component in reducing the prevalence of pathogen infection. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA is currently one of the most commonly used molecular diagnostic tools, as it is simple, quick, and easy to amplify target DNA under isothermal conditions. In the present study, a novel and highly specific LAMP assay for the sensitive and rapid detection of VHSV and MABV infection in fish was developed. Using a set of synthesized primers matching a specific region of the genome, the efficiency and specificity of the LAMP assay were optimized in terms of the reaction temperature and DNA polymerase concentration, as they are the main determinants of the sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP assay. In particular, we demonstrated that our assay could be applied to efficient detection of VHSV and MABV infection in the wild fish, Paralichthys olivaceus. Our results demonstrate the simplicity and convenience of this method for the detection of viral infection in aquatic organisms.     

南公珠错地幔橄榄岩:雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段一个典型的大洋地幔橄榄岩

西藏阿里地区的南公珠错蛇绿岩产在公珠错的南侧,空间上属于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段之南亚带蛇绿岩。该蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩和辉长岩等基性岩类组成。地幔橄榄岩中约80%为方辉橄榄岩,20%为二辉橄榄岩,纯橄岩较少。南公珠错地幔橄榄岩矿物化学特征表现为橄榄石具有较低的Fo(89.3~91.4)值、辉石具有较高的Al_2O_3含量(1.89%~6.06%)、尖晶石具有较低的Cr~#(12.7~28.3)值。与原始地幔相比南公珠错地幔橄榄岩的全岩地球化学特征具有较高的MgO含量和较低的Al_2O_3、CaO和TiO_2等易熔元素含量;方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩的稀土元素总含量分别介于0.66×10-6~1.10×10-6和0.90×10~(-6)~3.78×10~(-6)之间,明显低于原始地幔值,其稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土元素轻微富集型;在原始地幔标准化微量元素蜘蛛图中,南公珠错地幔橄榄岩显示出强烈的U正异常、Nd轻微正异常和强不相容元素Zr的负异常;方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩的铂族元素总量分别介于15.26×10~(-9)~25.23×10~(-9)和18.74×10~(-9)~26.86×10~(-9)之间,二者含量的变化较小,南公珠错地幔橄榄岩PGEs球粒陨石标准化图解显示其为接近于原始地幔的"平坦型"。南公珠错地幔橄榄岩的矿物化学和全岩地球化学特征与深海橄榄岩相似,指示它们可能形成于大洋扩张脊环境。定量模拟估算表明,南公珠错地幔橄榄岩可能来源于地幔中的尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩源区,系经历了至多16%部分熔融的残余。LREE的微富集和较高的Pd/Ir、Rh/Ir比值指示它们还经历了岩石-熔体反应作用。初步结论认为南公珠错地幔橄榄岩形成于大洋脊环境,为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区较低程度部分熔融的残余,但经历了后期岩石-熔体反应作用。     

Smog Chamber Study on the Ozone Formation Potential of Acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde is one of the important VOC species of O3 precursors in the atmospheric environment. The influences of relative humidity (RH) and initial VOC/NOx ratio (RCN) on the formation of O3 are studied in smog chamber experiments, and the MCM v3.3.1 mechanism of acetaldehyde is modified based on the experimental results. In low-RH conditions (RH= 11.6％±1.1％), the O3 concentration at 6 h increases first and then decreases with the increase of RCN, and the RCN at the inflection point of O3 concentrations is 3.2. In high-RH experiments (RH = 78.8％±1.0％), variation of the O3 concentration at 6 h with RCN is similar to that in low-RH experiments, but the RCN at the inflection point is 2.8. RH has no significant effect on the O3 concentrations under low RCN (< 3), whereas it has a negative effect under high RCN (> 3). Compared with the experimental results, original MCM v3.3.1 greatly underestimates the O3 concentrations. Addition of both the photolysis process of peroxyacetyl nitrate and the photolysis process of HNO3 on the reactor surface into the original MCM can reduce the difference between the simulated O3 concentrations and the experimental results at 6 h from 24％-35％ and 17％-49％ to 6％-26％ and 10％-42％ under low- and high-RH conditions, respectively. The maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) of acetaldehyde simulated with the modified MCM is 4.0 ppb ppb-1 without considering the effect of other VOCs.     

Study of diclofenac removal by the application of combined zero-valent iron and calcium peroxide nanoparticles in groundwater

Diclofenac(DCF) is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in groundwater, posing a great threat to the environment and human health due to its toxicity. To mitigate the DCF contamination,experiments on DCF degradation by the combined process of zero-valent iron nanoparticles(nZVI) and nano calcium peroxide(nCaO_2) were performed. A batch experiment was conducted to examine the influence of the adding dosages of both nZVI and nCaO_2 nanoparticles and pH value on the DCF removal.In the meantime, the continuous-flow experiment was done to explore the sustainability of the DCF degradation by jointly adding nZVI/nCaO_2 nanoparticles in the reaction system. The results show that the nZVI/nCaO_2 can effectively remove the DCF in the batch test with only 0.05 g/L nZVI and 0.2 g/L nCaO_2 added, resulting in a removal rate of greater than 90% in a 2-hour reaction with an initial pH of 5. The degradation rate of DCF was positively correlated with the dosage of nCaO_2, and negatively correlated with both nZVI dosage and the initial pH value. The order of significance of the three factors is identified as pH value nZVI dosage nCaO_2 dosage. In the continuous-flow reaction system, the DCF removal rates remained above 75% within 150 minutes at the pH of 5, with the applied dosages of 0.5 g/L for nZVI and 1.0 g/L for nCaO_2. These results provide a theoretical basis for the nZVI/nCaO_2 application to remove DCF in groundwater.     

Dependence of reaction kinetics on H2O activity as inferred from rates of intergranular diffusion of aluminium

Quantitative constraints on the accelerative effects of H₂O on the kinetics of metamorphic reactions arise from a comparison of rates of intergranular diffusion of Al in natural systems that are fluid‐saturated, hydrous but fluid‐undersaturated, and nearly anhydrous. Widths of symplectitic reaction coronas around partially resorbed garnet crystals in the contact aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton, northern Labrador, combined with time–temperature histories from conductive thermal models, yield intergranular diffusivities for Al from ～700–900 °C under nearly anhydrous conditions. Those rates, when extrapolated down temperature, are approximately three orders of magnitude slower than rates derived from re‐analysis of garnet resorption coronas formed under hydrous but fluid‐undersaturated conditions near 575 °C in rocks of the Llano Uplift of central Texas, which are in turn approximately four orders of magnitude slower than rates at comparable temperatures derived from numerical simulations of prograde garnet growth in fluid‐saturated conditions in rocks from the Picuris Range of north‐central New Mexico. Thus, even at constant temperature, rates of intergranular diffusion of Al – and corresponding length scales and timescales of metamorphic reaction and equilibration – may vary by as much as seven orders of magnitude across the range of H₂O activities found in nature.     

利用水文地球化学和水文物理学方法分析定襄七岩泉水氡异常

自2008年以来,定襄七岩泉水氡测值处于相对高值状态,为了核实该异常,利用水文地球化学和水文物理学方法进行分析,结果认为：七岩泉泉水补给来源主要是大气降水,当累计连续降雨量超过一定阈值（116 mm）时,水氡测值明显下降;降雨仅对水氡测项的短临动态造成干扰,年变动态不受影响。调查发现,与七岩泉相距不远的静乐井水位出现准同步高值现象,综合分析认为,七岩泉水氡高值异常反映了区域内地壳应力的变化。     

石榴子石反应边及其地质意义——以大兴安岭第四纪火山岩为例

大兴安岭第四纪火山岩(包括诺敏河火山区和哈拉哈河-绰尔河火山区)地幔包体中含有少量石榴子石,普遍发育矿物反应边.根据显微照片和BSE图像特征,石榴子石反应边可分为3类:①冠冕状石榴子石反应边,包裹在石榴子石矿物外部,具有一期或者多期反应的特征,厚度通常为0.1～1 mm,反应边矿物组合为Opx+Glass、Cpx+Gl...     

化学反应优化(CRO)图像分割的研究与分析

应用化学反应优化技术(chemical reaction optimization,CRO)作了图像分割的尝试。介绍了CRO图像分割的原理与方法,同时对新分割方法的特点作了具体的分析和说明,并说明了新分割方法的具体作业过程。通过对3幅航空影像的分割实验,验证了对新方法特点分析的正确性,得到了一些有益的结论。