青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

焦作市农业气候资源及变化特点

焦作市的农业气候资源丰富,雨热同季,并有不完全同步的特性,10℃以上活动积温为4653~4960℃.d,降水量为548.8~590.5 mm,主要分布在4-10月,日照时数2107.5~2444.9 h。近40 a热量资源呈增多趋势,20世纪90年代的热量资源明显多于前30 a,水分变化不明显,日照时数呈递减趋势。     

1998年地面加热场的基本特征及其与南海夏季风爆发的可能联系

文中对 1 998年 1月 1日到 8月 31日共 2 4 3d的南海季风试验再分析资料的地面感热场和潜热场进行 EOF分析 ,由感热的第一特征向量场发现 ,中南半岛地区、青藏高原的东北部和印度半岛的大部分是感热通量大值区 ,而海洋上是小值区 ,海陆热力差异十分明显 ,这种海陆感热对比是促使季风爆发的大背景。由感热的时间经度演变图可以看出 ,中南半岛所在经度范围内南北连续的感热分布对南海季风的早爆发具有重要作用。由温度平流项的分布可发现 ,中南半岛的加热作用明显早于青藏高原地区 ,使得中南半岛对南海季风的早期爆发有重要作用 ,而青藏高原对于南海季风的维持具有重要意义。由于印度半岛与中南半岛的海陆分布的差异 ,使得两个地区的温度平流项也有所不同     

夏季亚洲高空急流纬向非对称变异与北大西洋海温和欧亚陆面热力异常的可能联系

基于1979~2015年ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了夏季亚洲高空急流纬向非对称变异特征及其可能的外强迫因子。研究发现夏季亚洲200 hPa纬向风异常EOF第二模态（方差贡献为16.4%）主要表现出了急流纬向非对称的空间异常形态,反映了西亚和东亚区域急流南北偏移的反位相变化。通过进一步的诊断分析,我们发现急流纬向非对称变异与北大西洋海表温度（简称海温）和欧亚陆面热力异常可能存在一定的联系。北大西洋三极型海温异常会激发出向下游传播的异常波列,夏季该波列在欧亚大陆上空的异常环流中心与急流纬向非对称相关的异常环流中心对应一致,其中东欧平原的异常反气旋和巴尔喀什湖附近的异常气旋对西亚急流变化存在影响,东亚地区急流的变化与贝加尔湖北部异常气旋和贝加尔湖南部的异常反气旋有关。对比欧亚土壤湿度关键区内垂直环流,陆面热力异常可能会改变局地环流进而影响急流变异,且这种影响存在区域差异。     

An Operational Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval Algorithm for Fengyun-2F/VISSR Using a Modified Three-Band Physical Split-Window Method

The Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer(VISSR) onboard the Fengyun-2(FY-2) satellite can provide valuable thermal infrared observations to help create a precipitable water vapor(PWV) product with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current FY-2/VISSR PWV product in operation is produced by using a traditional two-band physical split-window(PSW) method, which produces low quality results under dry atmospheric conditions. Based on the sensitivity characteristics of FY-2 F/VISSR water vapor channel and two split-window channels to atmospheric water vapor, this study developed a new, robust operational PWV retrieval algorithm for FY-2 F to improve the operational precision of the current PWV product. The algorithm uses a modified three-band PSW method, which adds a scale for the water vapor channel in the improved three-band PSW method. Integrated PWV products from the radiosonde data in 2016 are used here to validate the precision of the PWV retrieved by the modified three-band and traditional two-band PSW methods. The mean bias, root mean square error(RMSE), and correlation coefficient of the PWV retrieved by the modified three-band PSW method are 0.28 mm, 4.53 mm, and 0.969, respectively. The accuracy is much better than the PWV retrieved by the two-band method, whose mean bias, RMSE, and correlation coefficient are 12.67 mm, 29.35 mm, and 0.23. Especially, in mid-or high-latitude regions, the RMSE of the PWV is improved from 10 to 2 mm by changing the inversion in the two-band method to the modified three-band PSW method. Furthermore, the modified three-band PSW results show a better consistency with the radiosonde PWV at any zonal belt and season than the two-band PSW results. This new algorithm could significantly improve the quality of the current FY-2 F/VISSR PWV product, especially at sites where the actual PWV are lower than 15 mm.     

区域海气耦合过程对中国东部夏季降水模拟的影响

本文以区域环境系统集成模式(RIEMS)和普林斯顿海洋模式(POM)为基础,建立了一个区域海气耦合模式,评估了其对1985～2004年中圜东部夏季降水的模拟性能,并通过与观测海温强迫下单独大气模式模拟结果的比较,分析了海气耦合过程对降水模拟性能的影响.结果表明:耦合模式基本能够模拟出中国东部地区夏季降水的气候态分布及中...     

黄山地区短时强降雨的地形增幅机制

应用黄山地区191个地面自动观测站资料,统计分析了201 5年发生在黄山地区短时强降雨时空分布。统计发现:发生短时强降雨过程次数在午后及傍晚(14和18时)时段中明显增多;黄山山脉及其附近是短时强降雨多发生的中心地带,发生短时强降雨次数分布与山脉形态一致、和地形高度相关,短时强降雨与地形关系密切。分别利用三个典型个例分析了山脉地形动力阻拦和热力对短时强降雨的增幅作用,结果表明:(1)山脉地形迎风坡处因地形抬升速度与地面辐合线相配合降雨增强,水汽收支方法诊断计算降雨增量可达6成;(2)锋面过境山脉时垂直扰动增强水平位温梯度增大锋生,在背风坡处地面涡度、上升运动增强,导致降水增幅;(3)山脉西南区域因地面感热通量差异形成热低压,在该区域增暖增湿,大气不稳定增强,受冷平流影响形成强对流天气,导致山区降水增幅。     

The Relationship of Land-Ocean Thermal Anomaly Difference with Mei-yu and South China Sea Summer Monsoon

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1948--2004 and the monthly rainfall data at 160 stations in China from 1951 to 2004, the relationships among the land-ocean temperature anomaly difference in the mid-lower troposphere in spring (April--May), the mei-yu rainfall in the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basin, and the activities of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) are analyzed by using correlation and composite analyses. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between mei-yu rainfall and air temperature in the middle latitudes above the western Pacific, while a significant negative correlation is located to the southwest of the Baikal Lake. When the land-ocean thermal anomaly difference is stronger in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) will be weaker and retreat eastward in summer (June--July), and the SCSSM will be stronger and advance further north, resulting in deficient moisture along the mei-yu front and below-normal precipitation in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and vice versa for the weaker difference case. The effects and relative importance of the land and ocean anomalous heating on monsoon variability is also compared. It is found that the land and ocean thermal anomalies are both closely related to the summer circulation and mei-yu rainfall and SCSSM intensity, whereas the land heating anomaly is more important than ocean heating in changing the land-ocean thermal contrast and hence the summer monsoon intensity.     

土壤热异常对地表能量平衡影响初探

将来自土壤深部的热通量引入off line的陆面过程模式 (NCAR—LSM ) ,通过长达 2a的数值试验对比分析了它对各层次土壤温度和地表能量平衡的影响。　　在土壤底部引入 5W /m2 的热通量使底层土壤显著升温 ,但升温随着接近表层而迅速衰减。积分 3个月后 ,由地下进入地表的热流量增幅可达 1W/m2 以上 ,并持续增大到 5W /m2 ,地表最大升温约 0 .5K ,同时地表感热、蒸发潜热及长波辐射通量均有 1W /m2 左右的正异常 ;若将土壤热传导系数放大一个量级以加速热量交换 ,则地表升温提高到 1K以上 ,长波辐射增加 3W /m2 以上 ,超过了气溶胶全球平均的辐射效应。结果表明 :一定量值的土壤热异常对地表能量平衡和短期气候变化 (10 -1～ 10 1a)有着不可忽略的影响。同时 ,深入的资料分析、完善的陆面过程模式以及它与大气模式的耦合试验也是亟待进行的相关工作。