数字城市规划系统关键技术分析

分析了数字城市规划系统的业务需求，介绍了其基础数据更新、工作流、无纸化办公、历史空间信息管理等主要关键技术，并对其进行了讨论。     

基于MapXtreme的地理信息发布

随着近年来计算机技术的发展,尤其是网络技术的发展,GIS在组成结构和应用技术等方面已与传统的GIS技术有了很大的不同,基于MapXtreme/MapX的WebGIS则是GIS技术发展的趋势。本文简单介绍WebGIS的发展趋势,结合一些例子介绍了利用MapXtreme的地理信息发布的技术和原理。     

Direct georeferencing of airborne LiDAR data in national coordinates

The topographic mapping products of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are usually required in the national coordinates (i.e., using the national datum and a conformal map projection). Since the spatial scale of the national datum is usually slightly different from the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) datum, and the map projection frame is not Cartesian, the georeferencing process in the national coordinates is inevitably affected by various geometric distortions. In this paper, all the major direct georeferencing distortion factors in the national coordinates, including one 3D scale distortion (the datum scale factor distortion), one height distortion (the earth curvature distortion), two length distortions (the horizontal-to-geodesic length distortion and the geodesic-to-projected length distortion), and three angle distortions (the skew-normal distortion, the normal-section-to-geodesic distortion, and the arc-to-chord distortion) are identified and demonstrated in detail; and high-precision map projection correction formulas are provided for the direct georeferencing of the airborne LiDAR data. Given the high computational complexity of the high-precision map projection correction approach, some more approximate correction formulas are also derived for the practical calculations. The simulated experiments show that the magnitude of the datum scale distortion can reach several centimeters to decimeters for the low (e.g., 500 m) and high (e.g., 8000 m) flying heights, and therefore it always needs to be corrected. Our proposed practical map projection correction approach has better accuracy than Legat’s approach,¹ but it needs 25% more computational cost. As the correction accuracy of Legat’s approach can meet the requirements of airborne LiDAR data with low and medium flight height (up to 3000 m above ground), our practical correction approach is more suitable to the high-altitude aerial imagery. The residuals of our proposed high-precision map projection correction approach are trivial even for the high flight height of 8000 m. It can be used for the theoretical applications such as the accurate evaluation of different GPS/INS attitude transformation methods to the national coordinates.     

高速铁路沉降数据处理与评估系统设计与实现

详述了高速铁路沉降观测数据处理与评估系统的设计与实现,重点对系统的设计思想、总体结构、基本功能和主要特点进行了详细叙述。     

System structure and calibration models of intelligent photogrammetron

This paper describes the structure, geometric model and geometric calibration of Photogrammetron I—the first type of photogrammetron which is designed to be a coherent stereo photogrammetric system in which two cameras are mounted on a physical base but driven by an intelligent agent architecture. The system calibration is divided into two parts: the in-lab calibration determines the fixed parameters in advance of system operation, and the in-situ calibration keeps tracking the free parameters in real-time during the system operation. In a video surveillance set-up, prepared control points are tracked in stereo image sequences, so that the free parameters of the system can be continuously updated through iterative bundle adjustment and Kalman filtering.     

半参数模型在大地坐标转换中的应用

半参数模型增强了模型的适应性,在测绘数据处理中得到越来越广泛的应用。采用半参数模型对传统的布尔莎七参数模型进行改进,利用公共点坐标数据进行分析计算,并讨论半参数模型中正则矩阵的选取对模型精度的影响。为传统大地坐标转换提供一种解决途径。     

削弱残余误差对多波束测深综合影响的方法研究

提出了一种基于地形变化长波项与短波项相结合的残余误差综合削弱方法。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

区域规划空间信息系统建设与应用研究——以江苏省城乡规划信息系统为例

区域性城乡规划信息系统建设开展较晚,与城市级规划信息系统不同,其应用需求、数据构成、技术架构具有其独特性。结合新一轮江苏省城镇体系规划修编工作,开展全省城乡规划信息数据建库和应用平台的开发工作,系统根据区域规划的编制和研究应用需求,制定了面向未来区域规划工作需求的数据标准,集成了全省多源、多尺度、多时态的空间数据,实现了跨专业、跨平台空间信息的整合与共享。为江苏省城镇体系规划以及其他相关编制提供数据分析、规划决策支撑等服务,并预留未来与其他各类地理信息系统的应用接口。     

铁路测量中坐标系的建立与转换

在铁路测量中,长度投影变形要求小于2．5cm／km。但是由于铁路为典型的线性工程,通常横跨多个投影带,因此采用国家标准3。带难以满足铁路测量精度要求,本文通过分析高斯投影长度变形,提出分段建立独立坐标系的方法,控制长度投影变形,满足精度要求,最后介绍利用GlobalMapper软件实现两个独立坐标系的转换。     

Addressing administrative units in international tsunami early warning systems: shortcomings in international geocode standards

Abstract

Administrative units reflect the territorial hierarchies established within all countries of the world. The units are addressable with geocodes that provide a bijective mapping between territories and unique identification codes. Early warning systems for natural or man-made hazards often map affected or threatened areas to administrative units to establish a spatial reference that is comprehensible to all parts of the population. Addressing these territories in an international context has several requirements, such as worldwide coverage, completeness and topicality, which must be met by geocode standards. In this paper, the practicability and suitability of international geocode standards are examined in the context of the requirements of large-scale early warning systems. This paper exposes the insufficiencies and limitations of existing geocode standards International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-3166, Second Administrative Level Boundaries data set project (SALB) and Nomenclature of the Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) and emphasises the suitability of the non-official hierarchical administrative subdivision codes (HASC). The analysis is framed in the context of addressing affected areas for an Indian Ocean tsunami early warning system. This system was developed within the Distant Early Warning Systems project according to the requirements of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission for Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWPs).