能源合理利用与CO2减排的国际经验及其对我国的启示

减少温室气体排放,以减缓和控制气候变化,是《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》的主要目标。美英法德日等主要发达国家,在工业化道路上,已走过数百年的历程,积累了包括能源节约和CO₂减排在内的先进技术和丰富经验。为了减少CO₂排放,实现可持续发展,必须借鉴国外在能源利用、结构调整和节能方面的经验。可供我国借鉴的国外经验主要有：(1)制订和实施能源合理利用与减少CO₂排放的发展战略;(2)建立和健全法律;(3)调整能源结构;(4)运用经济激励的政策和手段。     

基于DEM的黄河流域天文辐射空间分布

Based on the developed distributed model for calculating astronomical solar radiation (ASR), monthly ASR with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km for the rugged terrains of Yellow River Basin was calculated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors that influence the ASR. Results suggest that (1) Annual ASR has a progressive decrease trend from south to north; (2) the magnitude order of seasonal ASR is: summer＞spring＞autumn＞winter; (3) topographical factors have robust effect on the spatial distribution of ASR, particularly in winter when a lower sun elevation angle exists; (4) the ASR of slopes with a sunny exposure is generally 2 or 3 times that of slopes with a shading exposure and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is over 10 times in January; (5) the spatial differences of ASR are relatively small in summer when a higher sun elevation angle exists and the extremedifference of ASR for different terrains is only 16% in July; and (6) the sequence of topographical influence strength is: winter＞autumn＞spring＞summer.     

Simulation of astronomical solar radiation over Yellow River Basin based on DEM

1IntroductionDistributed watershed hydrological model has become one of the hot topics in hydrology for its predominance in reflecting the influence of the spatial distributed features of terrains on hydrological processes (Wan etal., 2001; Abbott etal., 1986; Beven etal., 1992). However its demands on the spatio-temporal changeful surface elements such as solar radiation, precipitation, temperature etc. are strict. Being the limitations of observation techniques, data availability and study …     

392 BC—2017 AD柴达木盆地东北部降水变化及其与太阳活动和强火山喷发的联系

基于采自柴达木盆地内部牦牛山的祁连圆柏树木样芯,新建采样区域过去2710 a的树轮宽度年表,并计算了器测时期（1957—2017 AD）气象数据与树轮宽度年表的相关系数。结果表明：树轮宽度年表与上一年7月至当年6月降水量变化的相关性最高（r=0.753,n=60,p <0.01）,基于此重建了该区392 BC—2017 AD上一年7月至当年6月的降水量变化。器测时期方差解释量高达64%。重建结果显示,在年代际尺度上存在9个湿润期（106—75 BC、6—39 AD、179—229 AD、581—646 AD、823—914 AD、1026—1095 AD、1378—1414 AD、1567—1609 AD和1985—2017 AD）和7个干旱期（328 BC—297 BC、86—151 AD、694—747 AD、1168—1199AD、1444—1525 AD、1680—1725 AD和1792—1860 AD）,1792—1860 AD是过去2400 a最干旱时期。功率谱分析结果表明,过去2400 a柴达木盆地东北部地区降水量存在2～8 a、40 a、80 a和225 a准周...     

历史时期广东地区旱涝灾害与气候变化关系

通过对广东旱涝及冻灾史料的整理分析,采用相关分析、波谱分析等方法对历史时期广东旱涝灾害发生规律及其与厄尔尼诺事件、太阳活动的可能关系进行探讨。分析认为:1)从历史时期看,广东的湿润指数与其旱涝灾害的发生密切相关,寒冷指数越高(气温越低),旱涝灾害的发生越频繁。2)厄尔尼诺事件对广东整体旱涝灾害影响不大。3)在不同的历史时期,各指标序列具有相同或相似的周期。结合已有的研究认为,太阳辐射对气候的驱动可能是产生上述相同或相似周期的根本原因。4)对湿润指数的多尺度分析表明,自2000(±5)年广东地区开始进入偏旱期,偏旱状况将一直持续到2040(±5)年。从120 a尺度看,本世纪广东将处于偏涝阶段,预计2040(±5)年后将有较大强度的偏涝期出现,而且在未来几十甚至百年内旱涝变化幅度有增大的趋势。     

MAPPING SOLAR ACCESS IN HIGH RELIEF AREAS FOR REGIONAL ENERGY PLANNING*

Access to the sun for space heating of structures is controlled, in part, by topographic shadowing in high-relief regions. A simple graphic procedure is presented for mapping shadows on topographic maps for any date and time of day. Comparisons of computed shadows and shadows measured from aerial photography confirm that the mapping procedure is reliable and accurate. Use of the procedure as a solar access inventory tool is illustrated in an area of the Green Mountains, VT.     

Local time variation of geomagnetic transfer functions

The local time (LT) variation of the geomagnetic transfer function at the 32-min period was examined for observatories distributed worldwide. Two distinct variation types (types 1 and 2) were found in the real part of A. Type 1 is conspicuous at lower latitudes and its seasonal variation is small, whereas type 2 is found at higher latitudes and has its maximum in summer. These two types of LT variation are seen globally and are conspicuous when solar activity is high. The amplitudes of both types of variation vary from 0.018 to 0.078, and are independent of the mean values at each observatory. These values are relatively small, but the amplitude of Chambon la Foret is larger than the mean value, which shows that Au changes its sign in local time. The amplitudes of type 1 and 2 variations decrease and increase with geomagnetic latitude, respectively. These features suggest that they are generated by some global external fields. The most probable cause is the Sq field, although the Dp field may contribute to type 1 variation. On the other hand, for the islands of the Pacific Ocean at low latitudes, such as Honolulu and Chichijima, the type 1 variation appears not in the real but in the imaginary part of A, which suggests that currents induced in the ocean also contribute to the local time variation.     

Terrain revised model for air temperature in mountainous area based on DEMs： A case study in Yaoxian county

In mountainous area, spatial interpolation is the traditional method to calculate air temperature by use of observed temperature data. Due to lack of sufficient observation data in mountainous areas many precise interpolation methods could give only coarse result which could not meet the demand of precision agriculture and local climate exploration. Based on DEMs of 25 m resolution, a reversed model is constructed, with which temperature is simulated to the corresponding slope unit from the solar radiation. Taking Yaoxian county as a test area, and mean monthly temperature data as basic information sources, which are collected from 15 weather stations around Yaoxian county in Shaanxi province from the year of 1970 to 2000, a simulation for the solar radiation cell by cell is completed. By simulating solar radiation at each slope and flat cell unit, the terrain revised temperature model could be realized. A comparison between the simulated temperature and the radiation temperature from TM6 thermal infrared image shows that the terrain improved model gets a finer temperature distribution at local level. The accuracy of simulated temperature in mountainous area is higher than it is in flat area.     

五台山景区酒店碳排放效率的典范对应分析

酒店碳排放效率的测算可以为其实施节能减排提供参考依据。首先采用数据包络分析方法计算五台山景区28家酒店的碳排放效率,其次,采用典范对应分析方法分析酒店碳排放效率与关键性指标之间的关系。结果表明：① 9家酒店技术效率完全有效,15家酒店纯技术效率有效,9家酒店规模效率有效。② 基于碳排放效率的差异,所有酒店可以分为碳排放效率完全型、碳排放效率较高型、纯技术效率最低型和规模效率最低型4类。③ 在典范对应分析图中,从第四象限到第一象限、第二象限,酒店类型依次由第Ⅰ组逐步向第Ⅱ组、第Ⅳ组、第Ⅲ组过渡,在此递变期间,酒店的碳排放效率不断降低。④ 利用典范对应分析的结果表达了关键性指标对酒店碳排放效率的制约作用,并识别了限制因素,为提升酒店碳排放效率指明了路径。     

The Status of Ammonia (NH3) Emissions and Achievements of Emissions Reduction Technology in Farmland Ecosystems

NH₃ is one of the leading causes of grey haze, and one of the main causes of serious ecological imbalances that result in environmental problems such as acid rain and air quality deterioration. At present, excessive fertilizer application greatly intensifies NH₃ emissions intensity on farmland. In order to understand status and achievements of research on farmland NH₃ emissions, the literature of farmland NH₃ emission-related studies was retrieved from SCI journals and the Chinese science citation database. These are summarized with respect to the research progress on NH₃ emission factors and emission reduction technologies. The future research direction of field NH₃ emission and emission reduction technology need to strengthen the field observation on different soil environment and crop types, and understand the effect of NH₃ emission on fertilizer application period and the proportion, temperature and organic fertilizer management in farmland mainly. The research results can provide more information about the factors that influence NH₃ emissions. This study offers theoretical guidance and support directed at mitigating farmland NH₃ emissions in the future.