柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

冀西北麻粒岩区早前寒武纪主要地质事件的年代格架

本文通过年代学资料和其它地质依据建立了冀西北及邻区麻粒岩地体早前寒武纪主要地质事件的年代格架。早期的基性火山喷发事件发生在2868—2932Ma期间,形成本区的早期地壳。在2761Ma左右发生了大规模的TTG岩浆侵位事件,在2650Ma时发生了基性岩浆侵位,使地壳加厚。在2561—2503Ma期间,花岗闪长质岩浆在本区广泛侵入,使地壳进一步加厚。2477—2461Ma期间,紫苏花岗岩以岩株形式侵入,同时发生区域麻粒岩相变质,早期地壳受到改造。大约在2300Ma时发生第二阶段的麻粒岩相变质。此后,在2144—2087Ma期间红色花岗岩侵位,形成花岗岩带。     

1980～～2014年中国中东部持续性霾天气的多尺度变化特征

对1980～2014年中国中东部地区324个台站的持续性霾天气的时空变化和相关气象影响因子进行分析，结果表明:中东部地区年平均持续性霾事件和其在所有霾事件的贡献比例逐年增加，增长率分别为0.79 (10 a)-1和2.7% (10 a)-1。主要表现为3个大值区:华北平原地区（包括山西省、京津冀地区）、长江三角洲和四川盆地东部，增加最显著的区域位于黄淮地区，增长率分别为6.3 (10 a)-1、13.95 d (10 a)-1。1月是持续性霾事件的高发月，月均2.56 d。夏季和秋季持续性霾事件增加最为明显，增长率分别为0.38 (10 a)-1和0.46 (10 a)-1。不利的气象条件，如静风日数的增加，风速和大风日数的减少，以及不利的环流形势，如东亚冬季风的减弱，都可能造成持续性霾天气的增加和异常维持。     

Small inflation sources producing seismic and infrasonic pulses during the 2000 eruptions of Miyake-jima, Japan

During the 2000 activity of Miyake-jima volcano, Japan, we detected long period seismic signals with initial pulse widths of 1-2 s, accompanied by infrasonic pulses with almost the same pulse widths. The seismic signals were observed from 13 July 2000, a day before the second summit eruption. The occurrences of the seismic signals were intermittent with a gradual increase in their magnitudes and numbers building toward a significant explosive eruption on 18 August. After the eruption, the seismic and infrasonic events ceased. The results of a waveform inversion show that the initial motions were excited by an isotropic inflation source beneath the south edge of the caldera at a depth of 1.4 km. On the other hand, the sources of the infrasonic pulses were located in the summit caldera area. The times at which the infrasonic pulses were emitted at the surface were delayed by about 3 s from the origin times of the seismic events. It is suggested that small isotropic inflations excited seismic waves in the crust and simultaneously caused acoustic waves that traveled in the conduit and produced infrasonic pulses at the crater bottom. Considering the observed time differences and gas temperatures emitted from the vent, the conduit should have been filled with vapor mixed with SO₂ gas and volcanic ash. The change of the time differences between the seismic and infrasonic signals suggests that the seismic source became shallower within half a day before the August 18 explosive eruption. We interpret the source process as a fragmentation process of magma in which gas bubbles burst and quickly released part of the pressure that had been sustained by the tensional strength of magma.     

地基遥感大气水汽总量和云液态水总量的研究

介绍了地基微波辐射计遥感反演大气柱中的水汽总量和云液态水总量的辐射传输原理和反演方法。给出了实用的有气候代表性的北京地区4个季节的反演公式，并对反演公式进行了数值检验，分析了反演精度：春、夏、秋、冬4季水汽总量反演的相对标准偏差分别为3．1％、1．6％、2．2％和2．4％。用反演公式反演在香河探测的NASA微波辐射计资料发现：微波辐射计反演的水汽总量平均比探空测量值偏大O．21cm，二者的线性相关系数为0．988．均方根误差为0．16cm：云液态水总量除降水云天外．值均在0．1mm以下。     

黔南桂中二叠系Cisuralian统和Guadalupian统层序地层及其与牙形石演化的关系

通过对黔南罗甸纳水剖面和桂中来宾铁桥剖面２个斜坡相剖面详细的层序地层研究,将华南二叠系Ｃｉｓｕｒａｌｉａｎ统和Ｇｕａｄａｌｕｐｉａｎ统划分为１个二级层序,即阳新层序,及其９个三级层序,并建立了相应的海平面变化曲线．结合原有和最新的生物地层资料,将这２个剖面的层序地层实现了精确划分对比,从而将原有地层对比精度提高了一倍．阐明了层序与海侵海退旋回的区别与联系．将二叠纪牙形石演化划分为５个阶段、４个演替事件,并阐明了它们与层序地层及海平面变化事件之间的相互关系．同时,提出了二叠纪牙形石分带及其全球对比表．发现栖霞亚统的氧碳同位素在下部偏轻、上部偏重,具全球对比意义     

Effects of rainfall intensity fluctuations on infiltration and runoff: rainfall simulation on dryland soils,Fowlers Gap,Australia

Small plots and a dripper rainfall simulator were used to explore the significance of the intensity fluctuations (‘event profile’) within simulated rainfall events on infiltration and runoff from bare, crusted dryland soils. Rainfall was applied at mean rain rates of 10 mm/h. Fourteen simulated rainfall events each involved more than 5000 changes of intensity and included multipeak events with a 25‐mm/h peak of intensity early in the event or late in the event and an event that included a temporary cessation of rain. These are all event profiles commonly seen in natural rain but rarely addressed in rainfall simulation. A rectangular event profile of constant intensity, as commonly used in rainfall simulation experiments, was also adopted for comparative purposes. Results demonstrate that event profile exerts an important effect on infiltration and runoff for these soils and rainfall event profiles. ‘Uniform’ events of unvarying intensity yielded the lowest total runoff, the lowest peak runoff rate and the lowest runoff ratio (0.13). These parameters increased for ‘early peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.24) and reached maxima for ‘late peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.50). Differences in runoff ratio and peak runoff rate between the ‘uniform’ event profile and those of varying intensity were all statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01. Compared with ‘uniform’ runs, the varying intensity runs yielded larger runoff ratios and peak runoff rates, exceeding those of the ‘uniform’ events by 85%–570%. These results suggest that for small‐plot studies of infiltration and erosion, the continued use of constant rainfall intensity simulations may be sacrificing important information and misrepresenting the mechanisms involved in runoff generation. The implications of these findings for the ecohydrology of the research site, an area of contour‐aligned banded vegetation in which runoff and runon are of critical importance, are highlighted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溢油乳化过程C波段微波散射特性实验研究

本文基于水槽溢油观测实验,研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油（A型油）、油田中开采出的新鲜原油（B型油）和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油（C型油）进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异,以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响,结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下（最大波高低于3mm）,原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射,并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射,结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油,且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB,在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小,平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB,结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异,影响油膜表面后向散射。     

地基微波辐射计资料在降水分析中的应用

利用地基微波辐射计的观测资料研究了2016年8月昆明长水国际机场出现的两次不同性质雷暴过程在不同发展阶段的温湿参量分布和演变特征,结果表明：（1）天气尺度强迫下雷暴前40 min,温湿廓线表现为低层温度降低、水汽密度升高,雷暴结束后趋于稳定,该变化可反映对流活动的起止。而局地热力雷暴前8 h~40 min,低层温度持续升高,降水前半小时水汽密度迅速升高,反映出了大气层不稳定能量积蓄过程和对流爆发前的空中水汽变化。（2）积分水汽含量（IWV）和云内液态水路径（LWP）在降水前有明显的陡增。天气尺度强迫下雷暴降水期间,IWV和LWP随着温度的增减相互转化,低层的剧烈降温,加速了水汽凝结饱和到降落的转化,造成降水强度进一步增大,对应IWV减小,转化为LWP和地面降水。热力雷暴降水期间,温度均匀变化,IWV、LWP均匀增长,水汽转化量极小,IWV增量远高于实际降水量。（3）大气可降水量（PW）在两类降水过程前半小时显著上升,天气尺度强迫下雷暴降水前总增幅达14.6 mm,局地热力雷暴降水过程前PW均匀增长7.6 mm。

     

探讨灾害规律的理论基础--极端气候事件概率

分析了国内外极端气候事件研究的现状,从经典极值分布理论、极值分布模式的参数估计、广义极值分布等方面,阐述了近年来国际上常用的理论及研究方法。为了更好地佐证进行极端气候事件发生概率研究的重要性,列举了作者在该领域的一些成功研究成果,并认为极端气候事件概率问题是探讨气象灾害规律的理论基础。