京津唐城市群不透水地表增长格局以及水环境效应

不透水地表(Impervious Surface Area,ISA) 时空格局是城市化与全球环境变化交互影响下的土地利用/覆盖变化-生态系统过程-区域气候变化相互作用机理以及导致的环境效应研究的重要内容。如何快速准确地实现区域尺度不透水地表遥感信息的获取是上述研究面临的重要瓶颈问题。本研究嵌入中国LUCC 信息改进了基于MODIS NDVI 与夜间灯光指数(DMSP-OLS) 提取不透水地表信息的方法,反演了2000 年与2008 年京津唐城市群2 期250 m不透水地表信息,进而分析其变化的时空格局,结合子流域单元与河流污染物监测数据评价其对海河流域地表水环境的影响。结论表明：受环渤海经济区,天津滨海新区开发等政策的影响,京津唐城市群在21 世纪初8 年不透水地表沿着城-乡梯度带、城市交通廊道及海岸带高速增长。城乡建设用地不透水地表增长呈现显著的时空差异特征,由于北京市受人口-资源-环境的压力,产业发展不断向周边地区转移,天津与河北唐山、廊坊、秦皇岛三市具有更快的不透水地表增长速度。京津唐城市群城市高密度的不透水地表分布对于海河流域地表水环境产生严重影响,不透水地表的增长加剧了流域河流水质的污染程度。同时也发现,子流域不透水地表面积比例与COD、NH₃-N浓度均值呈现显著的线性关系。     

基于多源遥感影像的长春市城市建成区提取

夜光遥感影像记录的城市灯光与人类活动密切相关,已广泛应用于城市信息提取。珞珈一号作为新一代夜光遥感数据源,比以往的夜光数据具有更高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率,可以更清晰地表达城市建成区范围和内部结构。本文利用珞珈一号夜光遥感影像,通过人类居住指数（human settlement index, HSI）、植被覆盖和建筑共同校正的城市夜光指数（vegetation and build adjusted nighttime light urban index, VBANUI）及支持向量机（support vector machine, SVM）监督分类3种方法对长春市城市建成区进行提取,并与利用NPP/VIIRS（suomi national polar-orbiting partnership/visible infrared imaging radiometer suite）夜光遥感影像、采用同样方法得到的结果对比。结果显示：本文提出的VBANUI提高了传统植被覆盖校正的城市夜光指数（vegetation adjusted nighttime light urban index, VANUI）的提取精度,使用珞珈一号夜光遥感影像通过VBANUI提取的城市建成区结果最优,其Kappa系数为0.80,总体分类精度为90.74%;使用珞珈一号和NPP/VIIRS夜光遥感影像通过HSI按最佳阈值提取城市建成区的Kappa系数分别为0.75和0.72,总体分类精度分别为88.27%和86.54%;复合数据的SVM监督分类法中Landsat-NDBI、Landsat-NDBI-VIIRS、Landsat-NDBI-LJ和Landsat-NDBI-LJlog的Kappa系数分别为0.602、0.627、0.643和0.681,总体分类精度分别为81.11%、81.52%、82.25%和84.48%。研究结果表明：3种提取方法下,均为使用珞珈一号夜光遥感影像的结果优于使用NPP/VIIRS夜光遥感影像的结果,证明相比于NPP/VIIRS夜光遥感影像,珞珈一号夜光遥感影像更适用于城市尺度的建成区范围提取。     

放射性物探方法在辽宁团山子地区金矿找矿中的应用

辽宁省兴城市团山子地区位于青龙-葫芦岛近东西向断裂的东段,碱厂岩体南缘,八家子-杨家杖子多金属成矿区的中南部.通过钻探证实,金矿化受近东西向断裂构造控制,矿化类型为碎裂蚀变岩型,具有低品位、大矿量特点,在辽西地区属首次发现.为加强对本区控矿构造特征和金矿化赋存规律的研究,采用了放射性物探方法进行探索,取得了较好的找矿效果.由于该方法简便易行,对于在区域上寻找该类型金矿具有重要意义,值得借鉴和推广.     

Impacts of a bottom trawling exclusion zone on Snow Crab abundance and fish harvester behavior in the Labrador Sea, Canada

The Hawke Box trawling exclusion zone off southern Labrador is a 8610 km² closed area implemented in 2003 to protect soft-shelled pre-recruit Snow Crab and juvenile cod from mortality imposed by shrimp trawling and other bottom-impact fisheries. This study utilizes survey, logbook, and observer data from the Snow Crab and Northern Shrimp fisheries to assess the effectiveness of the Hawke Box in protecting and possibly enhancing the Snow Crab resource off southern Labrador. The results indicate that the exclusion zone has failed to protect pre-recruit crabs largely due to a redistribution and intensification of directed Snow Crab effort inside the Box in the years following closure. This unexpected outcome resulted in a high level of fishery-induced mortality to pre-recruit crabs and masked any potential positive outcomes from the cessation of trawling. The shortcomings that contributed to the failure of this exclusion area are discussed in relation to the current state of knowledge on the effectiveness of marine protected areas in general as management tools for conserving aquatic resources.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百地区不整合面及其动力学条件

不整合及其性质和强度的确定对理解克拉玛依至百口泉地区构造变形历史和油气聚集规律具有重要意义。根据地震资料研究显示,该区二叠纪至中生代地层中存在多个不整合面,且多为构造运动的反映。其中对克-百地区构造形成具有重要影响的有四期,其一发生在中二叠统下乌尔禾组沉积后,主要表现为冲断掀斜运动,使其前的二叠纪沉积向南东方向掀斜抬升,遭受剥蚀;其二发生在三叠纪末期,对克百断裂上盘大侏罗沟断层至百口泉段的构造有重要影响;其三发生在中侏罗世末,该期构造运动在克百断裂带及其上盘表现最为清楚,以冲断为主,局部地区有褶皱现象;其四发生在早白垩世末期,表现为掀斜运动,褶皱和断裂作用相对较弱。克-百地区不同时期、不同构造部位变形的差异性与构造动力条件密切相关。     

Timing of UHP metamorphism in the Hong’an area,western Dabie Mountains,China: evidence from zircon U–Pb age,trace element and Hf isotope composition

The Hong’an area (western Dabie Mountains) is the westernmost terrane in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen that preserves UHP eclogites. The ages of the UHP metamorphism have not been well constrained, and thus hinder our understanding of the tectonic evolution of this area. LA-ICPMS U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircons of a granitic gneiss and an eclogite from the Xinxian UHP unit in the Hong’an area were analyzed to constrain the age of the UHP metamorphism. Most zircons are unzoned or show sector zoning. They have low trace element concentrations, without significant negative Eu anomalies. These metamorphic zircons can be further subdivided into two groups according to their U–Pb ages, and trace element and Lu–Hf isotope compositions. One group with an average age of 239 ± 2 Ma show relatively high and variable HREE contents (527 ≥ Lu_N ≥ 14) and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios (0.00008–0.000931), indicating their growth prior to a great deal of garnet growth in the late stage of continental subduction. The other group yields an average age of 227 ± 2 Ma, and shows consistent low HREE contents and ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios, suggesting their growth with concurrent garnet crystallization and/or recrystallization. These two groups of age are taken as recording the time of prograde HP to UHP and retrograde UHP–HP stages, respectively. A few cores have high Th/U ratios, high trace element contents, and a clear negative Eu anomaly. These features support a magmatic origin of these zircon cores. The upper intercept ages of 771 ± 86 and 752 ± 70 Ma for the granitic gneiss and eclogite, respectively, indicate that their protoliths probably formed as a bimodal suite in rifting zones in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. Young Hf model ages (T _DM1) of magmatic cores indicate juvenile (mantle-derived) materials were involved in their protolith formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三峡库区农业生态经济系统的预警分析

从系统与环境相统一的角度,研究了农业生态经济系统的模型、特征、预警分析的意义和内容;以三峡库区为例,从系统序化的观点,确定了这个系统的社会、经济、环境功能和状态的主要指标的警戒线;并与这些指标的现状、过去与未来趋势值进行对比;分别对现状预警、趋势预警和突变预警进行了评价;最后作了简易的对策探讨．     

Age model, physical properties and paleoceanographic implications of the middle Pleistocene core sediments in the Choshi area, central Japan

Abstract   A continuous, well-preserved core was obtained from the Choshi area, on the Pacific side of Japan, to investigate paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes around the northwestern Pacific region during the middle Pleistocene. Siliciclastic sequences in the core are divided into five formations – the Obama, Yokone, Kurahashi and Toyosato Formations in the Inubo Group and the Katori Formation, in ascending order. Examination of calcareous nannofossils and magnetic polarities detected four datums in the core sediments of the Inubo Group: the top of Reticulofenestra asanoi , the base of Helicosphaera inversa , the top of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. Fourteen marine isotope stages (MIS24–MIS11) were identified in the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C records based on detected datums and the graphic correlation with the standard stack oxygen isotope curve. Magnetic susceptibility and gamma-ray attenuation porosity evaluator density were also measured and low values characterize the glacial intervals. Biogenic sedimentation by primary production may be larger during the glacial periods because of invasions of nutrient-rich northern surface-waters related to the southward shift of the Kuroshio front in the Choshi area.     

综合物探在山东省招远市原疃地区金矿找矿中的应用

山东省招远市西北部原疃地区地理位置特殊,位于区域上两大断裂金矿带之间的玲珑复式岩体的核部,与西北部的郭家岭花岗闪长岩疑似为断层接触关系,金矿成矿条件优越。运用激电中梯、高精度磁法测量,基本查明了区内与金成矿有关的岩体、断裂构造的分布情况,圈定激电异常7处,其中1处异常经验证为矿致异常。应用CSAMT,SIP方法对矿带的深部进行探测,确定其沿走向及倾向均有一定延伸,对其深部异常进行钻探验证,证明深部异常仍为矿致异常。综合找矿方法在此次找矿过程中发现了矿致异常,缩小了找矿靶区,为钻探工程的部署提供了依据。     

沙漠人工植被区土壤呼吸初探

2003年9月底,在沙坡头铁路北面的1956年、1964年、1981年和1987年始植的人工植被区和流动沙丘的迎风坡,分别在阴天、晴天和雨后用CI301SR测定土壤呼吸速率,结果表明:土壤呼吸速率在各样地间、日期间和互作均达到极显著水平;尤其是雨后样地间的差异非常明显。1956年始植、1964年始植、1981年始植、1987年始植样地和流沙不同天气状况下的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为-0.1537μmol·s^-1·m^-2、-0.0995μmol·s^-1·m^-2、-0.0583μmol·s^-1·m^-2、-0.0754μmol·s^-1·m^-2和-0.0336μmol·s^-1·m^-2;阴天、晴天和雨后不同样地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为-0.0342μmol·s^-1·m^-2、-0.0778μmol·s^-1·m^-2和-0.1403μmol·s^-1·m^-2。在沙漠人工植被区,影响土壤呼吸的主要因子是水分,其次是温度与植物群落类型和发育阶段。