汶川地震灾后重建的岩土工程问题探讨

在对5·12汶川地震灾区大量次生地质灾害实地考察调查的基础上,总结了次生地质灾害发育分布的特点,探讨了灾后重建的岩土工程问题。此次地震引发的次生地质灾害主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等;次生地质灾害的发育分布与地震烈度相一致,与断裂带密切相关,并形成崩塌、滑坡→泥石流或崩塌、滑坡→堰塞湖→泥石流灾害链。灾后重建必须注重建设场地工程地质条件的研究、科学规划选址,合理避让地质灾害高风险地段;对重点高陡边坡灾害须进行必要的岩土工程加固,山区建筑地基基础设计应符合相关要求,要尽量减少对地质环境的扰动,预防工程诱发灾害。研究结果可为灾区岩土工程减灾防灾以及灾后重建提供参考。     

Three‐dimensional flow structure and patterns of bed shear stress in an evolving compound meander bend

Compound meander bends with multiple lobes of maximum curvature are common in actively evolving lowland rivers. Interaction among spatial patterns of mean flow, turbulence, bed morphology, bank failures and channel migration in compound bends is poorly understood. In this paper, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements of the three‐dimensional (3D) flow velocities in a compound bend are examined to evaluate the influence of channel curvature and hydrologic variability on the structure of flow within the bend. Flow structure at various flow stages is related to changes in bed morphology over the study timeframe. Increases in local curvature within the upstream lobe of the bend reduce outer bank velocities at morphologically significant flows, creating a region that protects the bank from high momentum flow and high bed shear stresses. The dimensionless radius of curvature in the upstream lobe is one‐third less than that of the downstream lobe, with average bank erosion rates less than half of the erosion rates for the downstream lobe. Higher bank erosion rates within the downstream lobe correspond to the shift in a core of high velocity and bed shear stresses toward the outer bank as flow moves through the two lobes. These erosion patterns provide a mechanism for continued migration of the downstream lobe in the near future. Bed material size distributions within the bend correspond to spatial patterns of bed shear stress magnitudes, indicating that bed material sorting within the bend is governed by bed shear stress. Results suggest that patterns of flow, sediment entrainment, and planform evolution in compound meander bends are more complex than in simple meander bends. Moreover, interactions among local influences on the flow, such as woody debris, local topographic steering, and locally high curvature, tend to cause compound bends to evolve toward increasing planform complexity over time rather than stable configurations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

睾丸精原细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的：探讨睾丸精原细胞瘤的CT、MRI特点,以提高对本病的认识。方法：回顾性分析有完整CT或MRI平扫及增强资料、经手术及病理证实的13例睾丸精原细胞瘤的影像表现。3例患者行CT检查,10例行MRI检查。结果：13例中有3例为未降睾丸并发精原细胞瘤。睾丸精原细胞瘤CT主要表现为中等均匀密度,增强扫描轻度到中度强化;MRI主要表现为结节状,信号较均匀,T2WI呈稍低信号,可见低信号线状纤维血管分隔,增强时分隔强化,肿瘤实质轻度强化。未降睾丸并精原细胞瘤位于正常睾丸下降路径,可发生于腹膜后、盆腔等部位,病灶体积较大,密度或信号不均,增强扫描明显强化。结论：睾丸精原细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,具有较高的诊断和鉴别价值。     

磁共振弥散加权成像在直肠癌淋巴结转移评估中的价值综述

随着生活水平的提高,直肠癌在我国的发病率明显提高[1],随之而来的是对诊疗水平要求的提升。据国内外多项研究表明,直肠癌患者是否伴淋巴结转移,是否进行术前辅助放化疗、手术方式及范围的选择,是否进行术后放疗,局部复发率以及远端转移率等密切相关,是一项重要的影响预后的因素[2]。而常规的成像方式对淋巴结状态的评估差强人意[3]。目前磁共振成像在直肠癌的淋巴结状态判断方面日益受到重视。本文就其在直肠癌淋巴结转移中应用及展望进行综述。     

流体包裹体岩相学的一些问题探讨

流体包裹体岩相学是流体包裹体研究的基础和前提。在流体包裹体研究过程中,我们十分重视和强调选择什么样的 流体包裹体去做测温和分析。在流体色裹体岩相学中区分原生和次生包裹体十分重要。只有选择了原生流体包裹体后才能 进行显微测温学和流体包裹体成分分析。这种选择包裹体的过程(或步骤),确定流体包裹体的分类以及在显微镜下观察流 体包裹体捕获后的変化,是流体包裹体岩相学(Fluid inclusion petrography)最主要的内容。本文叙述流体包裹体岩相学的内容 和区分原生和次生流体包裹体的一些实例和方法,阐述了流体包裹体与主矿物之关系。     

库车凹陷克拉2气田深层优质储层成因及成岩作用模式

基于成岩作用的影响因素及库车盆地的实际,深入研究了克拉2气田次生孔隙发育段储层岩石成分特征及早期古气候条件下胶结物对于成岩作用及次生孔隙的影响,分析了地层压力系统中超高压带、构造裂缝、自生矿物分带的成因、作用、特点及其与储层物性、成岩环境的相关关系,评价了储层中长石、方解石的溶解,白云石对方解石的交代,压实、胶结等主要成岩作用类型对次生孔隙的具体影响和贡献,认为该区早期碱性成岩环境下方解石胶结物的溶解是形成该区次生孔隙发育带的主导因素,并根据该区自生矿物流体包裹体及埋藏史特征,建立了该区成岩作用及孔隙演化的模式。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷阜宁组储层次生孔隙成因机制探讨

高邮凹陷阜宁组储层为低渗透储层,次生孔隙是储集空间的主要组成部分。研究认为,大气等淡水淋滤水、有机质演化形成的有机酸、粘土矿物转化形成的层间酸性水等产生的溶蚀作用是次生孔隙形成的主要原因,各种因素在时间和空间上的有机配置及相互作用对次生孔隙的形成具有重要的影响。在分析次生孔隙成因机制的基础上,利用声波、密度及中子测井对次生孔隙进行建模,编制程序进行了预测。综合分析表明,纵向上阜三段储集层次生孔隙的发育最佳,横向上沙埝南-富民北一带是油气勘探的有利区带,据此进行勘探施工证实了次生孔隙预测的准确性。     

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on clinochlore from Longitudinal Valley area,northeastern Taiwan

A natural sample of clinochlore from the Longitudinal Valley area of northeastern Taiwan has been characterized by using the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques. The lattice parameters of the monoclinic (IIb) clinochlore with the composition (Mg_2.988 Al_1.196 Fe_1.6845 Mn_0.026)_5.8945 (Si_2.559 Al_1.441)₄ O₁₀ (OH)₈ have been calculated from the powder XRD data and are found to be a = 5.347 Å, b = 9.223 Å, c = 14.250 Å, β = 97.2° and Z = 2. The thermal behaviour of the sample showed the typical behaviour of clinochlore with a hydroxyl content of 12.5 wt%. The EPR spectrum at room temperature exhibits two resonance signals centred at g ≈ 2.0 and g ≈ 8.0. The signal at g ≈ 2.0 shows a six-line hyperfine structure which is a characteristic of Mn²⁺ ions in octahedral symmetry. The resonance signal at g ≈ 8.0 is a characteristic of Fe³⁺ ions. The EPR spectra have also been recorded at different temperatures (123–295 K). The population of spin levels (N) has been calculated for g ≈ 2.0 and g ≈ 8.0 resonance signals. It is observed that N increases with decreasing temperature. From EPR spectra, the spin-Hamiltonian parameters have been evaluated. The zero-field splitting parameter (D) is found to be temperature dependent. The peak-to-peak width of the g ≈ 8.0 resonance signal is found to increase with decrease in temperature.     

准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区砂岩储层中碳酸盐胶结物特征及其成因意义

准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区不整合面附近砂岩储层中次生孔隙和碳酸盐胶结物相对发育.通过薄片观察、阴极发光、扫描电镜/能谱分析,认为碳酸盐胶结物是研究区砂岩最主要的胶结物成分,其主要类型为(铁)方解石和铁白云石,垂向上含量随深度增加而增加,多集中分布在白垩系和侏罗系之间的不整合面之下约100 m的范围之内.碳、氧同位素分析以及泥岩中各元素测试结果表明,大气淡水通过永进地区白垩系和侏罗系之间存在的角度不整合对其下伏地层物性作用不明显,晚期含铁碳酸盐胶结物和孔隙发育主要与有机酸关系密切.在有机酸作用下,早期发育的碳酸盐胶结物、长石碎屑颗粒以及粘土矿物为晚期碳酸盐胶结物的发育提供了物质基础,而且溶解的物质在酸性流体作用下运移至不整合面附近重新沉淀,造成高孔隙度和高含量碳酸盐胶结物在深度上具有重叠的特征.由于含铁碳酸盐胶结物形成时代晚而且储层未受到其他建设性成岩作用的明显改造,晚期碳酸盐胶结物含量和面孔率呈互相补偿的关系, 表明了晚期碳酸盐胶结物对储层物性的破坏作用.     

Host rock dolomitization and secondary porosity development in the Upper Devonian Cairn Formation of the Fairholme carbonate complex (South‐west Alberta,Canadian Rockies): diagenesis and geochemical modelling

The Upper Devonian carbonate reefs in West‐central Alberta are important petroleum reservoirs that are well‐known for their extensive secondary porosity. An outcrop analogue study indicates that an early matrix‐selective dolomitization event occurred which is characterized by a major Late Devonian sea water component with increased salinity because of evaporation. It is interpreted that the matrix (replacive) dolomite formed during the Famennian as the result of a combination of both seepage and latent reflux dolomitization, although an additional type or overprinting of later intermediate burial dolomitization cannot be excluded. Formation of the moulds is attributed mainly to the dissolution of undolomitized fossil cores, most typically stromatoporoids. Geochemical modelling indicates that carboxylic acid fluids have the highest potential for dissolving residual calcite in this case. Geochemical models consistent with this analysis and interpretations can reproduce the secondary porosity and suggest a viable dolomitization process for the localities studied.