中小学避难建筑规划建设标准与容灾能力研究

已知避难建筑相较于场地型避难场所更有利于中长期避难,而目前我国城镇避难场所建设以场地型为主,建筑型避难场所存在严重不足。基于此,首先提出将中小学校舍建设为建筑型避难场所的重要性及可行性,并从空间利用角度对其可作为避难建筑的类型进行分析研究,指出中小学体育馆、食堂、宿舍和教室可建设为避难建筑;其次对我国城镇地区现状中小学校舍能够作为避难建筑的容灾能力进行分析,结果表明:现状满足100%的短期灾时避难人口的避难需求,以及满足60%的中长期灾时避难人口的避难需求;最后通过计算进行预测,可知随着城镇人口的增长,其所需的避难规模能够在日常城镇中小学校舍建设更新中逐步实现,大约需要未来20年时间基本可以实现中等规模灾害建筑型避难,大灾害长期避难能够满足100%的中长期灾时避难人口的避难需求,具有规划规模可实现性和可行性。     

基于ANSYS自定义单元的半刚性梁柱节点抗震滞回性能模拟分析

采用峰值指向滞回模型模拟半刚性连接在循环荷载下的非线性行为,建立了能同时考虑几何、材料和连接非线性的精细塑性铰法平面梁柱单元模型,利用ANSYS用户可编程特性（UPFs）,对自定义单元进行编译并嵌入到ANSYS平台中。利用试验数据拟合得到滞回模型参数,经自定义单元进行分析计算,得到节点的载荷-位移滞回曲线。通过与试验结果对比分析表明:模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,该单元模型具有很大优势,可用于半刚性梁柱节点的滞回性能分析。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES TRIGGERED BY THE LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE AT HONGSHIYAN AND GANJIAZHAI

The 3 August 2014 Ludian, Yunnan M_S6.5 earthquake has spawned more than 1, 000 landslides which are from several tens to several millions and over ten millions of cubic meters in volumes. Among them, the Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are the biggest two with volumes over 1 000×10⁴m³. The Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are two typical landslides, the former belongs to tremendous rock avalanche, and the latter belongs to unconsolidated werthering deposit landslide developed in concave mountain slope. Based on field investigations, causes and formation mechanism of the two landslides are discussed in this study. The neotectonic movement in the area maintains sustainable uplifting violently all the time since Cenozoic. The landform process accompanied with the regional tectonic uplifting is the violent downward erosion along the Jinshajiang River and its tributary, forming landforms of high mountains and canyons, deeply cut valleys, with great height difference. The regional seismo-tectonics situation suggests that:Ludian earthquake region is situated on the southern frontier boundary of Daliangshan secondary active block, and is seismically the strongest active area with one earthquake of magnitude greater than M5.0 occurring every 6 years. Frequent and strong seismicity produces accumulated effects on the ground rock to gradually lower the mechanical strength of slopes and their stability, which is the basis condition to generate large-scale collapse and landslide at Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai. The occurring of Hongshiyan special large rock avalanche is associated with the large terrain height difference, steep slope, soft interlayer structure and unloading fissures and high-angle joints. The formation mechanism of Hongshiyan rock avalanche may have three stages as follows:Stage 1, when P wave arriving, under the situation of free surface, rocks shake violently, the pre-existent joints(in red)parallel to and normal to the river and unloading cracks are opened and connected. Stage 2, on the basis of the first stage, when S wave arriving, the ground movement aggravates. Joints(in green)along beds develop further, resulting in rock masses intersecting each other. Stage 3, rock masses lose stability, sliding downward, collapsing, and moving over a short distance along the sliding surface to the inside of the valley, blocking the river to form the dammed lake. The special large landslide at Ganjiazhai is a weathering layer landslide occurring in the middle-lower of a large concave slope. Its formation process may have two stages as follows:Firstly, under strong ground shaking and gravity, the ground rock-soil body around moves and assembles to the lower of the central axis of the large concave slope, which suffers the largest earthquake inertia force and firstly yields plastic damage to generate compression-expansion deformation, because of the largest water content and volume-weight within the loose soil of it. Secondly, in view of the steep slope, along with the compression, the plastic deformation area enlarges further in the lower of slope, giving rise to a tensional stress area along the middle of the slope. As soon as the tensional stress exceeds the tensile strength of the weathering layer, a tensional fracture will occur and the landslide rolls away immediately making use of momentum. This two large landslides are the basic typical ones triggered by the M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake, and their causes and mechanism have a certain popular implication for the landslides occurring in this earthquake region.     

脑皮质层状坏死的影像学表现

目的:分析脑皮质层状坏死(CLN)的影像学表现特点,提高诊断及鉴别诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年11月经CT及MRI随访诊断的77例CLN患者的临床影像学资料,总结其病因及影像表现特点。77例CLN患者中男45例,女32例,年龄24~88岁(平均66.53±3.1岁)。本组均行MRI检查,71例同时行CT检查,均有3次以上影像学检查资料(平均3.8次),随访复查时间20d~18m(平均2.3月)。结果:77例中脑梗死58例,创伤性颅脑损伤9例,自发性脑出血5例,脑肿瘤术后4例,缺血缺氧性脑病1例。77例中累及双侧大脑半球者3例,单侧大脑半球病变74例。单个脑叶受累28例,两个脑叶受累35例,多个脑叶受累14例。影像学随访可见病灶侧皮层弥漫性或局灶性萎缩,皮质表面线状或沿脑回走行的CT平扫高密度及MRI T1WI高信号,部分病灶可深达基底节区或海马区。结论:CLN病因复杂多样,影像学随访中CT平扫脑皮质出现脑回状高密度影及MRI上T1WI脑回状高信号,结合临床病史可做出准确诊断。      

2D MRI和3D MRI序列对直肠癌术前分期诊断的价值研究

目的:评估磁共振二维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(2D-T2WI TSE)与三维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(3D-T2WI TSE,VISTA)两种成像方法在直肠癌术前分期的准确性。方法:采用飞利浦3.0T MR机扫描,由两位放射科医师独立评估,回顾性分析从2016年1月至2016年4月间经病理确诊的33例直肠癌患者的2D-MRI序列及3D VISTA扫描序列图像。运用SPSS统计软件分别分析2D序列及3D VISTA序列对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性,并检验诊断结果的一致性。结果:33例病例,医师1与医师2其常规2D和3D VISTA检查序列T分期的准确性分别为70%和85%(P=0.274)及73%和82%(P=0.454),Kappa分别为0.576和0.790及0.618和0.746,3D VISTA序列评估T分期与病理结果的一致性优于2D序列;其N分期的准确性分别为58%和70%(P=0.182)及58%和67%(P=0.218),Kappa分别为0.252和0.407及0.267和0.376,N分期2D及3D VISTA分期与病理结果的一致性较差。结论:2D与3D VISTA序列对直肠癌TN分期的准确性无统计学差异,但是3D VISTA较2D序列在鉴别T2与早期T3及N分期方面有一定潜在优势。      

骨巨细胞瘤影像学特征及误诊分析

目的:研究骨巨细胞瘤(GCT)的X线平片、CT、MRI影像学表现,分析误诊的原因,提高诊断准确性。方法:搜集30例手术病理证实的GCT病例,回顾性分析其术前X线平片、CT平扫、MRI影像学表现。结果:GCT发生于股骨远端13例,胫骨近端6例,股骨近段4例,肱骨近端3例,桡骨远端2例,腰椎1例,髂骨1例。术前误诊5例,约占16.7%。结论:X线平片、CT和MRI从不同角度反映GCT的病理特征,合理结合三种检查方法,能更全面显示GCT的影像学特征,有利于诊断及鉴别诊断。      

Development of U–Pb dating of uraninite using a secondary ion mass spectrometer: Selection of reference material and establishment of calibration method

A method for U–Pb isotopic dating using secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) was developed for uraninite. Correlation between ²⁵¹(UO)⁺/²³⁵U⁺ and ²⁰⁶Pb⁺/²³⁵U⁺ obtained by a sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) was adopted for a calibration from secondary ion ratios (Pb⁺/U⁺) to the atomic abundance ratios (Pb/U). In this study, a uraninite sample (²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U = 0.1647) collected from Faraday mine, Bancroft, Canada, is used as a reference material for the U–Pb calibration. The established method was applied to three uraninite samples collected from the Chardon, Ecarpière, and Mistamisk mines. The calibrated ²⁰⁶Pb^*/²³⁸U ratios of the three uraninites show correlation with Pb/U elemental ratios obtained using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) (correlation coefficients: 0.98, 0.99, and 0.97, respectively), which indicates the reliability of the SHRIMP calibration method used in this study. The analysis of Ecarpière uraninite provides concordant U–Pb data, and a weighted average of the ²⁰⁶Pb^*/²³⁸U age is 287 Ma ±8 Ma (95 % conf.) which is consistent with the previous chronological results by SIMS. Mistamisk uraninite provides discordant U–Pb data with the upper and lower intercept ages of 1 729 and 421 Ma, which correspond to uraninite formation in association with the Hudsonian orogeny and the remobilization of uranium as pitchblende, respectively. The U–Pb age of Chardon uraninite (315 Ma) is consistent with the igneous activity of Mortagne granite, but is older than the previously reported age (264 Ma). Marcasite in the Chardon uraninite altered to goethite under the oxidizing condition, which indicates that U–Pb system in the uraninite crystallized at 315 Ma was disturbed under the oxidizing condition. The established calibration method using Faraday uraninite is useful for U–Pb isotopic dating on the scale of a few micrometers to tens of micrometers, which make it possible to obtain the accurate age of uraninite.     

Modelling the impact of a time-varying wave angle on the nonlinear evolution of sand bars in the surf zone

Sandy beaches are often characterized by the presence of sand bars, whose characteristics (growth, migration speed, etc.) strongly depend on offshore wave conditions, such as wave height and angle of wave incidence. This study addresses the impact of a sinusoidally time-varying wave angle of incidence with different time-means on the saturation height, migration speed and longshore spacing of sand bars. Model results show that shore-transverse sand bars (so-called TBR bars) eventually develop under a time-varying wave angle. Depending on the time-mean, amplitude and period of the varying angle of wave incidence, the mean heights and mean migration speeds of the bars can be larger or smaller than their corresponding values in the case of time-invariant angles. Bars might not even form when the wave angle varies around a too large oblique mean value, whereas bars exist in the case of a time-invariant wave angle. The oscillations in both bar height and migration speed are large if the period of the time-varying wave angle is close to the adjustment timescale of the system and if large differences in the local growth and migration rates of the bars occur during one oscillation period. The oscillations in bar height are a combination of harmonics with the principal period and half the period of the time-varying wave angle, whereas those of migration speed contain only the principal period. Bars that are subject to time-varying wave angles have larger longshore crest-to-crest spacings than those which form under fixed wave angles. Physical explanations for these findings are given. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

在滑移减震住宅楼中设备专业设计的特点及其分析

本文提出了在抗震、减震建筑中设备专业的重要性,介绍了某一滑移减震住宅楼的设备专业设计,对其设计特点进行了总结和归纳及理论分析,得出了在滑移减震住宅楼中设备专业设计的经验及今后需要改进的方面。     

广西下雷氧化锰矿床矿石特征及成因分析

广西下雷锰矿床由原生碳酸锰矿和次生氧化锰矿组成.其中氧化锰矿石的矿物主要有软锰矿、钡锰矿、隐钾锰矿、锂锰矿、钙锰矿、褐锰矿、黑镁铁锰矿等,与之伴生的其他表生矿物主要有赤铁矿、针铁矿、石英、高岭石和蒙脱石.矿石结构主要有交代、隐晶和细晶结构,矿石构造主要有葡萄状、块状、晶洞状、网脉状和条带状构造.与原生碳酸锰矿相比,次生氧化锰矿的矿石品位明显提高,平均在44%以上;Co、Ni、Cu、Zn等微量元素也有一定程度的富集.化学分析和单矿物成分分析结果表明,氧化锰矿石和锰氧化物中的w(Mn)/w(TFe)值均较高(一般大于10),说明风化强度大,铁、锰分离显著.与铁的氧化物相比,锰氧化物中Si和P等有害杂质元素的含量要低得多,因此,铁、锰分离是形成优质锰矿的重要条件.氧化锰矿的次生富集及其在空间上的分布受古气候、构造、含锰地层及地形地貌等多种因素的影响和控制.