A contrasting study of freezing disasters in January 2008 and in winter of 1954/1955 in China

The present paper has made a comparison of major similarities and differences of extreme cold events between the cold and warm periods for recent 50 years, in order to gain a better insight into the impact of the global warming on extreme cold events in China. Two typical events of low temperature, ice freezing and snow disasters that occurred in January 2008 and in the winter of 1954/1955, respectively, are selected as representative cases for the cold period (1950’s–1970’s) and the warm period (1980’s-present). The contrasting study has revealed that these two events both occurred under long-persistent blocking circulation over Eurasian continent, with continuous invasions of strong cold air into China mainland. They nearly brought about similar weather disasters such as extensive low temperature, record-breaking freezing rains and exceptionally heavy snowfalls. However, due to active northward transport of warm and moist air from Bay of Bengal and Indo-China Peninsula in the warm period, the January 2008 case had longer freezing rain days and heavier snowstorms in South China, thus leading to much more severe damage to electric grids and transportations. The case of the 1954/1955 winter was a stronger, extreme cold event than the case of January 2008, in terms of magnitudes of temperature drop and severity of impact on river icing. It was gradually recovered to normal condition while the case of January 2008 had a very rapid recovery to warming condition due to impact of the global warming.     

Density section of the Earth’s crust in the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk): Gravity modeling results

A geological density section of the Deryugin Basin (western part of the Sea of Okhotsk) was studied along the profile Sakhalin Island-Deryugin Basin-Central Okhotsk Rise. The investigations were conducted by the method of gravity modeling, which allowed us to trace the density variations of the Earth’s crust layers along the lateral. The horizontal density stratification of the Earth’s crust layers was found, which assumes a stratified-block model of its structure. The established density structure of the Earth’s crust showed that the Deryugin Basin is located in the junction zone between the Sakhalin-Hokkaido microplate and the Okhotsk Sea Plate separated by a structural suture. The western and eastern edges of the basin belong to the aforementioned plates, respectively. It was assumed that accumulations of various mineral associations are confined to the suture zone, while the “granite” layer (basement) of the Deryugin trough walls in the western edge of the Deryugin Basin presumably contains secondary reservoirs of hydrocarbons.     

在役输油气管道沿线滑坡灾害监测预警技术及应用

滑坡灾害是浅埋输油气管道的主要风险源之一,监测预警是管道滑坡风险控制的重要手段。管道滑坡灾害的监测预警需要滑坡体和管道的联合监测,注重管体轴向应变监测。为获得管道轴向应变的准确值,每截面至少需要布置3个应变计。推导了已知截面上3点、9点、12点钟位置应力时,管体监测截面上任意点应力的计算方法;探讨了基于材料强度破坏的管道预警阈值的确定方法。汶川地震期间,在兰成渝成品油管道羊木山滑坡获得了成功应用,为管道滑坡灾害监测预警的推广提供了借鉴。     

松科1井南孔白垩系泉头组沉积序列精细描述:岩石地层、沉积相与旋回地层

中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取泉四段至泉三段顶岩心,心长132.07m,岩心收获率为100.00%。松科1井南孔泉头组岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回地层的序列及其过程。松科1井南孔泉头组取心段识别出9种基本岩石类型,相类型主要有曲流河、浅湖和三角洲前缘3种亚相,以及点砂坝、天然堤、决口扇、决口水道、河漫滩、河漫湖、河口砂坝、水下分流河道间、湖相静水泥质沉积和浊流沉积等10种沉积微相。相应井段可识别出2类8种米级旋回(六级旋回),整个井段由76个米级旋回构成,叠加成25个五级旋回、8个四级旋回和2个三级旋回。泉三、四段厘米级刻画的陆相红层为全球白垩纪富氧事件研究提供了可能的立典剖面。泉头组三、四段发育的在盆地内广泛分布的储层砂岩是大规模坳陷形成前的必然沉积产物,这一时期是松辽盆地由断陷向坳陷转化的阶段,也是大规模坳陷的初始阶段。     

基于改进的自适应反馈混沌系统同步

基于LaSalle不变定理和Lyapunov方法,针对混沌系统同步问题提出了一种改进的自适应反馈方法。与一般线性反馈系统不同,这种方法能自动调整更新规则的可变反馈变量。在该自适应更新规则的控制下,反馈强度可自动调整到新的自适应规则,从而使响应系统的状态全局同步于驱动系统的状态。Chen氏混沌系统和Lu氏混沌系统说明了所设计的自适应反馈方法的有效性。     

Eclogite varieties and petrotectonic evolution of the northern Guatemala Suture Complex

ABSTRACT

Field and petrologic characteristics of two new eclogite localities within the Guatemala Suture Complex (GSC) north of the Motagua Fault are presented. The Tuncaj Hill locality exposes a coherent body of retrogressed eclogite hundreds of metres long that is associated with serpentinite of the North Motagua Unit. The Tanilar River locality exposes numerous bands and lenses of eclogite hosted in sialic gneisses of the Chuacús Complex. The Tuncaj eclogite has a two-stage prograde evolution containing the peak assemblage Grt + Omp + Ttn + Czo + Zo ± Am, formed at temperatures <720°C. In contrast, eclogites of the Tanilar unit are characterized by the paragenesis Omp + Grt + Rt ± Phg ± Qtz ± Ep giving higher peak conditions of T = 720–830°C and P = 2.1–2.7 GPa, near the stability field of coesite. Previously obtained data and our thermobaric calculations suggest distinct petrotectonic evolutions for the various types of eclogites within the suture. The lawsonite eclogites south of the Motagua Fault were probably produced in a mature Farallon subduction zone during the Early Cretaceous. The northern high-pressure (HP) blocks in serpentinite mélange and coherent amphibolite bodies with eclogite relics were generated by the Early Cretaceous subduction of the proto-Caribbean lithosphere under the Great Caribbean Arc. A continental block, the North American passive margin, reached the arc’s trench in the Campanian and was subducted to ca. 80 km depth, producing the eclogites of the Chuacús Complex. As the slab was delaminated and partially exhumed, the continental Chuacús became tectonically juxtaposed with HP blocks of the proto-Caribbean that had been accreted to the Caribbean plate forming the North Motagua Unit. The juxtaposed group migrated to mid-crustal level and was contemporaneously retrogressed under epidote-amphibolite facies conditions.     

(Re)Connecting spatial literacy with children’s geographies: GPS,Google Earth and children’s everyday lives

This article sets out an agenda for research that (re)connects research on children’s geographies and childhood studies with studies of spatial literacy. Research on children’s environmental cognition and, latterly, spatial literacy, has been artificially and problematically separated from the majority of research in childhood studies. Our fundamental aim in this article is to argue for – and to evidence – greater attention to how spatial literacy and children’s everyday lives are embedded in one another. To support our broader call for a synthetic research agenda, we draw on some more focussed, qualitative empirical material taken from a large-scale project about children’s mobilities and everyday lives in newly-built urban communities. Our analysis focuses upon children’s interpretations of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracks of their mobilities, set against a background of Google Earth imagery. In doing so, we showcase one suite of ways in which research on environmental cognition and children’s geographies might proceed together. We demonstrate that children not only displayed analytical skills (for instance, in relation to scaling effects and pattern recognition) but that many also exercised higher-level, critical analysis, especially in relation to errors on Google Earth outputs. Simultaneously, we interrogate the recursive articulation of a range of qualitative indicators of spatial literacy, with children’s everyday mobilities, routines, emotions and memories. The paper analyses how new conceptual languages and technologies being propounded by spatial literacy scholars could afford a more enriched understanding of key contemporary concerns for children’s geographers, and, recursively, what spatial literacy scholars might gain from engaging with (especially qualitative) research prompted by those concerns.     

陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带深水重力流沉积类型、特征及模式——以东营凹陷胜坨地区沙四段上亚段为例

近年来,与深水沉积物重力流沉积紧密相关的湖相致密油气与深层油气勘探开发日益受到关注并逐渐成为研究热点;断陷湖盆陡坡带由于受"沟梁对应"的地貌特征影响且受控于边界断层,水下重力流沉积扇体发育,也因此成为湖相致密油气与深层油气勘探的重要目标。以东营凹陷胜坨地区沙四段上亚段(分为纯上次亚段和纯下次亚段)为研究对象,以岩芯,地震,测井,录井资料为基础,对陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带深水重力流沉积特征及沉积模式展开研究。研究结果表明:东营凹陷胜坨地区沙四段上亚段深水沉积体系主要发育砂质滑动-滑塌沉积,砂质碎屑流沉积,底流改造沉积,浊流沉积和深湖泥岩沉积五种类型,根据不同岩相组合特征划分出重力流沟道微相,砂质碎屑流舌状体微相,远端朵叶体微相三种微相类型;沙四段上亚段经历了从低位域到湖侵域再到高位域的转换,纯下次亚段在低位域时期经历了胜北断层幕式活动,是形成该时期深水重力流沉积在三级层序整体上呈退积发育,四级层序内部呈进积发育的主要原因,而纯上次亚段高位域时期相对稳定的构造条件使得该时期在三级层序内呈现退积到加积,四级层序内呈现稳定进积的特征;深水重力流搬运过程中由"流动分离作用"引起的"流体性质转换"可以较好地解释平面上重力流沉积类型随搬运距离由近及远的差异性分布以及"远端砂质碎屑流沉积"的形成。     

多孔隙岩石加卸载力学特性及本构模型研究

为了研究岩石在加载-卸载过程中的应力-应变关系,以砂岩为例,对其进行常规三轴加卸载试验。分析了峰后卸载阶段岩石的非线性特性,对岩石的损伤变量进行定义,给出了峰后卸载过程中用于描述应力-应变关系的弹性模量模型。通过分析加载-卸载过程中的轴向应变与径向应变的关系,得到了卸载过程中泊松比模型。引入D-P塑性模型,针对砂岩的塑性硬化特性,对硬化函数进行修正,建立了与等效塑性应变相关联的损伤模型。将计算模型矩阵化后进行数值计算。在此过程中得到如下结论:多孔隙岩石在加载过程中表现出明显的非线性特征,随着体应力的增大,岩石的弹性模量逐渐增大。岩石峰后卸载过程中,当轴向应力大于围压时,应力-应变可以利用峰前弹性阶段的弹性模量模型乘以连续性因子进行描述。随着等效塑性应变的增大,泊松比先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定。峰后卸载过程中,等效塑性应变不发生变化,此时泊松比保持不变。利用提出的本构模型进行了数值计算,数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比,结果表明,提出的模型能够反映出岩石在峰后卸载过程中的应力-应变规律。     

类星体吸收线红移系统证认方法的进一步探讨

本文对崔振兴和陈建生等人所提出的类星体吸收线红移系统证认方法作了进一步探讨。指出了方法的局限性及改进的办法;也指出了有待于今后继续研究的问题;并将改进后的方法应用于类星体PKS 0528-250的光谱分析中,得到了它的吸收线红移系统有:Z_a=2.8110,2.8130,2.5375,2.1410。这和Morton等(1980)所得的A_1,A_2,B,C红移系统一致。另外,我们又得到的新系统是Z_a=0.0345,0.0065。Chen和Morton(1984)所得到的D_1,D_2,E,F,G系统,我们未发现。讨论了产生这种差别的原因。