On thermodynamics of fluids,solids and superconductors

We derive the relativistic Carnot-Clausius relation and the set of fundamental equations of the thermodynamic system with the aid of Neugebauer's variational principle for several media. Some equations are already well-known in the literature but here we obtain the full set from a uniform point of view.     

Electron impact excitation rate coefficients of N II ion

This paper calculates the electron impact excitation rate coefficients from the ground term 2s²2p^{2 3}P to the excited terms of the 2s²2p², 2s2p³, 2s²2p3s, 2s²2p3p, and 2s²2p3d configurations of N II. In the calculations, multiconfiguration Dirac--Fork wave functions have been applied to describe the target-ion states and relativistic distorted-wave calculation has been performed to generate fine-structure collision strengths. The collision strengths are then averaged over a Maxwellian distribution of electron velocities in order to generate the effective collision strengths. The calculated rate coefficients are compared with available experimental and theoretical data, and some good agreements are found for the outer shell electron excitations. But for the inner shell electron excitations there are still some differences between the present calculations and available experiments.     

一次典型的平流层爆发性增温中的局地多尺度洛伦兹循环

利用一种新的工具,多尺度子空间变换(MWT),以及基于MWT的局地多尺度能量与涡度分析(MS-EVA)与Lorenz循环诊断方法,对2009年1月中下旬平流层发生的一次强爆发性增温(SSW)事件的内在动力学过程进行了研究。首先用MWT将各个场重构于三个尺度子空间,即平均尺度、爆发性增温尺度(或SSW尺度)和天气尺度子空间上。结果表明,极地迅速增长的温度主要是由于SSW尺度子空间上极区内的斜压不稳定引起的正则传输(有效位能从平均尺度子空间传输到SSW尺度子空间)造成的,显著增加的有效位能(APE)转换到了SSW尺度子空间的动能(KE)中,加之快速增温前极区内正压不稳定引起的正则传输(动能从平均尺度子空间传输到SSW尺度子空间)的作用,共同导致了极夜急流的反转。     

An alternative method for interpreting jet erosion test (JET) data: part 1. Theory

The jet erosion test (JET) is a widely applied method for deriving the erodibility of cohesive soils and sediments. There are suggestions in the literature that further examination of the method widely used to interpret the results of these erosion tests is warranted. This paper presents an alternative approach for such interpretation based on the principle of energy conservation. This new approach recognizes that evaluation of erodibility using the jet tester should involve the mass of soil eroded, so determination of this eroded mass (or else scour volume and bulk density) is required. The theory partitions jet kinetic energy flux into that involved in eroding soil, the remainder being dissipated in a variety of mechanisms. The energy required to erode soil is defined as the product of the eroded mass and a resistance parameter which is the energy required to entrain unit mass of soil, denoted J (in J/kg), whose magnitude is sought. An effective component rate of jet energy consumption is defined which depends on depth of scour penetration by the jet, but not on soil type, or the uniformity of the soil type being investigated. Application of the theory depends on experimentally determining the spatial form of jet energy consumption displayed in erosion of a uniform body of soil, an approach of general application. The theory then allows determination of the soil resistance parameter J as a function of depth of scour penetration into any soil profile, thus evaluating such profile variation in erodibility as may exist. This parameter J has been used with the same meaning in soil and gully erosion studies for the last 25 years. Application of this approach will appear in a companion publication as part 2. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An alternative method for interpreting JET erosion test (JET) data: Part 2. Application

This paper reports the results of jet tester experiments on soil samples of uniform properties which allow quantitative application of the new theory proposed in part 1 of these publications. This theory explores the possibly that a more adequate indicator of soil erodibility may be obtained by using the mass (and so volume) of soil eroded by the jet and the depth of scour penetration, rather than by using penetration depth alone, as assumed in the commonly‐used data interpretation method. It is shown that scour geometry can be well described using a generalized form of the Gaussian function, defined by its standard deviation and maximum depth. Using a published expression for jet kinetic energy flux, the new theory divides this flux into that used to erode soil, and the remainder which is dissipated in a variety of ways. Jet experiments on a specially‐prepared uniform soil sample are reported which provide the key to determining the spatial variability in the profile resistance to erosion offered by field soils. This resistance is expressed in the work required to erode unit mass of soil, denoted as J (in J/kg). The paper also gives results obtained on the profile variation in J for jet tests carried out at riverine sites on the upper Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. As expected in most natural soil profiles, the results show an increase in J with depth in the profile. The soil resistance (J) is compared to the traditional interpretation of soil erodibility, (k_d). The graphical comparison of these two indicators illustrates the inverse type of relationship between them which is expected from their respective definitions, but this relationship is associated with significant scatter. Possible reasons for this scatter are given, together with comments on jet tester experience in a wide variety of soil types. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢立柱结合旋喷灌浆在处理桥位桩断桩事故中的应用

采用高压旋喷灌浆与四根钢立柱桩相结合的方法处理质量未达要求的观音地桥的横市台2号桩,经承载力计算,可满足设计要求。加之施工中严格控制相关质量,使事故处理圆满成功。     

排水粉喷桩(2D工法)加固软土地基对桩周土体强度的影响

排水粉喷桩(简称2D工法)作为一种新的软土地基处理方法,在淮盐公路软基处理中得到试用,效果良好;但是目前对其桩间土强度的变化规律还不是很清楚,本文首次通过大量现场试验,采用静力触探、十字板剪切等试验手段,测得了排水粉喷桩施工后桩间土强度变化的规律。结果显示在排水粉喷桩施工后,桩间土强度先降低,之后随着龄期的增长而提高。     

两次副热带高压北侧暖锋暴雨动力热力诊断

使用常规观测资料、自动气象站降水量以及NCEPFNL再分析资料,对黑龙江省两次副热带高压(简称副高)北侧暖锋暴雨过程(简称"0801"和"0803"过程)进行动力热力机制诊断分析.结果表明,两次暖锋暴雨过程,均有台风活动,造成副高西伸北抬,副高外围的西南低空急流向北输送大量高动量的暖湿空气.两次暴雨过程与高低空急流关系...     

卫星黑子衰减触发的喷流事件

详细分析了一次太阳低层大气磁场重联触发的喷流事件.这次喷流发生在2014年8月1日,爆发自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)活动区12127边缘的一个卫星黑子处.该喷流爆发包括日浪、紫外喷流、极紫外高温和低温喷流.大熊湖太阳天文台(Big Bear Solar Observatory,BBSO)的Goode Solar Telescope (GST)高分辨率氧化钛(TiO)谱线的光球观测显示,喷流爆发过程中,卫星黑子一直衰减.到喷流结束,卫星黑子面积共减少了80%.在此过程中,太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory, SDO)日球磁场成像仪(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, HMI)的视向磁场观测表明,该卫星黑子对应的负极磁场与相邻的正极磁场发生明显对消,产生喷流足部亮点.根据SDO卫星太阳大气成像仪(Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, AIA)的多波段观测,该足部亮点首先出现在紫外1600?波段.待紫外(1600?)喷流从紫外足部亮点顶部向上喷发,在极紫外波段也观测到相应的亮源.随着足点源亮度突然增强,有明显的极紫外低温喷流和日浪从足部亮点侧面喷发.从GST的高分辨率Hα图像上,可见日浪由许多精细纤维组成,这些纤维扎根在足点源的东南侧.根据从光球层过色球层再到日冕层的多波段高分辨率观测,色球中下层的磁场对消触发了这次喷流事件.向上喷发的物质流可以携带能量进入上层大气,并加热上层大气.研究结果表明,低层大气磁重联可能对解决日冕加热问题起重要作用.     

Experimental Study in Reaction Thrust Characteristics of Water Jet for Conical Nozzle

Water jet thruster, which is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion, has several advantages such as low noise, good anti-cavitation characteristics and maneuvering characteristics. The reaction thrust characteristics of water jet for conical nozzles directly determine the speed of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV). Theoretical, numerical and experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of the nozzle geometries as well as inlet conditions on the reaction thrust of water jet in this paper. The results show that: 1) the reaction thrust is proportional to inlet pressure, the square of flow rate and 2/3 power exponent of input power; 2) the diameter of cylinder column for conical nozzle has great influence on the reaction thrust characteristics; 3) the best values of the half cone angle and the cylinder column length exist to make the reaction thrust coefficient to reach maximum under the same inlet conditions．Those provide a basis for nozzles design and jave significant value, especially for developing high performance and efficiency water jet propulsion unit.