区域性网络定位服务应用技术探讨

通过建立区域连续运行卫星基准站网络系统,建立一种新型定位测量与服务模式,取代现有传统标志式控制点位保存、管理与应用模式,实现虚拟化的、现代网络定位服务,并介绍了不同的测绘精度需求的作业与应用模式。     

Zircon M127 – A Homogeneous Reference Material for SIMS U–Pb Geochronology Combined with Hafnium,Oxygen and,Potentially, Lithium Isotope Analysis

In this article, we document a detailed analytical characterisation of zircon M127, a homogeneous 12.7 carat gemstone from Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. Zircon M127 has TIMS‐determined mean U–Pb radiogenic isotopic ratios of 0.084743 ± 0.000027 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and 0.67676 ± 0.00023 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U (weighted means, 2s uncertainties). Its ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 524.36 ± 0.16 Ma (95% confidence uncertainty) is concordant within the uncertainties of decay constants. The δ¹⁸O value (determined by laser fluorination) is 8.26 ± 0.06‰ VSMOW (2s), and the mean ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratio (determined by solution ICP‐MS) is 0.282396 ± 0.000004 (2s). The SIMS‐determined δ⁷Li value is ?0.6 ± 0.9‰ (2s), with a mean mass fraction of 1.0 ± 0.1 μg g^?1 Li (2s). Zircon M127 contains ~ 923 μg g^?1 U. The moderate degree of radiation damage corresponds well with the time‐integrated self‐irradiation dose of 1.82 × 10¹⁸ alpha events per gram. This observation, and the (U–Th)/He age of 426 ± 7 Ma (2s), which is typical of unheated Sri Lankan zircon, enable us to exclude any thermal treatment. Zircon M127 is proposed as a reference material for the determination of zircon U–Pb ages by means of SIMS in combination with hafnium and stable isotope (oxygen and potentially also lithium) determination.     

MT法中利用阻抗相位资料对畸变视电阻率曲线的校正

从理论上论证了在一定条件下大地电磁响应中的相位资料将不受随机电磁噪声的影响，介绍了由相位资料递推计算视电阻率的方法，通过与远参考资料的比较，证明利用阻抗相位资料可分段恢复校正畸变的实测视电阻率数据。     

Uranium and Thorium Concentration and Isotopic Composition in Five Glass (BHVO‐2G,BCR‐2G,NKT‐1G,T1‐G,ATHO‐G) and Two Powder (BHVO‐2, BCR‐2) Reference Materials

Here we report uranium and thorium isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations measured in solid reference materials from the USGS (BHVO‐2G, BCR‐2G, NKT‐1G), as well as those from the MPI‐DING series (T1‐G, ATHO‐G). Specifically created for microanalysis, these naturally‐sourced glasses were fused from rock powders. They cover a range of compositions, elemental concentrations and expected isotopic ratios. The U‐Th isotopic ratios of two powdered source materials (BCR‐2, BHVO‐2) were also characterised. These new measurements via multi‐collector thermal ionisation mass spectrometry and multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry can now be used to assess the relative performance of techniques and facilitate comparison of U‐Th data amongst laboratories in the geoscience community for in situ and bulk analyses.     

New Reference Materials and Assessment of Matrix Effects for SIMS Measurements of Oxygen Isotopes in Garnet

Accurate ion microprobe analysis of oxygen isotope ratios in garnet requires appropriate reference materials to correct for instrumental mass fractionation that partly depends on the garnet chemistry (matrix effect). The matrix effect correlated with grossular, spessartine and andradite components was characterised for the Cameca IMS 1280HR at the SwissSIMS laboratory based on sixteen reference garnet samples. The correlations fit a second‐degree polynomial with maximum bias of ca. 4‰, 2‰ and 8‰, respectively. While the grossular composition range 0–25% is adequately covered by available reference materials, there is a paucity of them for intermediate compositions. We characterise three new garnet reference materials GRS2, GRS‐JH2 and CAP02 with a grossular content of 88.3 ± 1.2% (2s), 83.3 ± 0.8% and 32.5 ± 3.0%, respectively. Their micro scale homogeneity in oxygen isotope composition was evaluated by multiple SIMS sessions. The reference δ¹⁸O value was determined by CO₂ laser fluorination (δ¹⁸O_LF). GRS2 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 8.01 ± 0.10‰ (2s) and repeatability within each SIMS session of 0.30–0.60‰ (2s), GRS‐JH2 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 18.70 ± 0.08‰ and repeatability of 0.24–0.42‰ and CAP02 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 4.64 ± 0.16‰ and repeatability of 0.40–0.46‰.     

黑色页岩风化过程中元素的活动性及参照系的选取初探--以湖南省麻田、桃花江剖面为例

系统考察了湖南省麻田和桃花江两个不同发育程度的下寒武统黑色页岩风化剖面,并提出了元素在理想剖面中的分布模式(概念模型);通过对比分析这两个剖面中元素的分布特征与理想分布模式的关系,并结合元素相关性研究、等质量图解的判别分析、微量元素的赋存状态及地球化学性质的探讨,认为在黑色页岩风化过程中,Ti为不活动元素,可作为参照系来计算其它元素的相对迁移性,Nb、Ta的活动性较小,Zr与Hf之间存在着共迁移现象;研究表明化学风化程度是影响元素活动性的重要因素.     

常用锂同位素地质标准物质的多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱分析研究

锂同位素研究是非传统稳定同位素地球化学研究的前沿,已广泛应用于从地表到地幔的岩石圈及流体等固体地球科学的研究领域。准确测定锂同位素比值是应用该同位素体系的前提。本文报道了国际上7种常用地质标准物质(BHVO-2、JB-2、BCR-2、AGV-2、NKT-1、L-SVEC、IRMM-016)的锂同位素组成数据。分析中采用硝酸-氢氟酸混合酸消解岩石标准样品,通过3根阳离子交换树脂(AG50W-X8,200~400目)填充的聚丙烯交换柱和石英交换柱对锂进行分离富集,利用Neptune型多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICPMS)测定锂同位素比值,使用标准-样品交叉法(SSB)校正仪器的质量分馏。实验得到这7种常用地质标准物质的锂同位素组成与测试精度(2SD)分别为:δ7LiBHVO-2—L-SVEC=4.7‰±1.0‰(n=53),δ7LiJB-2—L-SVEC=4.9‰±1.0‰(n=20),δ7LiBCR-2—L-SVEC=4.4‰±0.8‰(n=8),δ7LiAGV-2—L-SVEC=6.1‰±0.4‰(n=14),δ7LiNKT-1—L-SVEC=9.8‰±0.2‰(n=3),δ7LiL-SVEC—L-SVEC=-0.3‰±0.3‰(n=10),δ7LiIRMM-016—L-SVEC=0.0‰±0.5‰(n=10),这些数据在误差范围内与国际上已发表的数据一致。Li同位素分析精度可以达到大约0.5‰,长期的分析精度即外部重现性≤±1.0‰,达到了国际同类实验室水平。7种常用地质标准物质的锂同位素组成数据的发表为锂同位素研究提供了统一的标准,使地质样品的锂同位素数据的质量监控成为可能。在基质效应的研究中,使用不同量的IRMM-016配制的标准溶液过柱,深入探讨了样品量对锂同位素测定值的影响,结果表明,在现有测试精度下,只要分析样品的锂含量达到100μg/L,且不超过树脂的承载量,样品的锂同位素组成在误差范围内与真值吻合,样品量的大小不影响锂同位素测定结果的准确性。     

A Review of the IAG GeoPT™ and Certification Programmes,their Protocols,and the Differences between the Original and Potential Modifications to the Certification Protocol

The IAG conducts two programmes, the GeoPT ^? proficiency test and a certification programme that are closely interconnected. Both support the quality control/quality assurance activities of geochemical laboratories. Each derives an estimate of ‘true value’ for a number of samples, but arrives at that estimate, and its uncertainty, differently. This review discusses the history of the two programmes and compares the ‘true values’ and their uncertainties obtained through each. It then considers ‘fitness‐for‐purpose’ issues related to both GeoPT ^? and certification uncertainties. Issues related to potential modification of the IAG protocol for certification are also considered.     

Barium Isotopic Compositions in Thirty‐Four Geological Reference Materials Analysed by MC‐ICP‐MS

Measurement of Ba isotope ratios of widely available reference materials is required for interlaboratory comparison of data. Here, we present new Ba isotope data for thirty‐four geological reference materials, including silicates, carbonates, river/marine sediments and soils. These reference materials (RMs) cover a wide range of compositions, with Ba mass fractions ranging from 6.4 to 1900 µg g^?1, SiO₂ from 0.62% to 90.36% m/m and MgO from 0.08% to 41.03% m/m. Accuracy and precision of our data were assessed by the analyses of duplicate samples and USGS rock RMs. Barium isotopic compositions for all RMs were in agreement with each other within uncertainty. The variation of δ^138/134Ba in these RMs was up to 0.7‰. The shale reference sample, affected by a high degree of chemical weathering, had the highest δ^138/134Ba (0.37 ± 0.03‰), while the stream sediment obtained from a tributary draining carbonate rocks was characterised by the lowest δ^138/134Ba (?0.30 ± 0.05‰). Geochemical RMs play a fundamental role in the high‐precision and accurate determination of Ba isotopic compositions for natural samples with similar matrices. Analyses of these RMs could provide universal comparability for Ba isotope data and enable assessment of accuracy for interlaboratory data.     

Determination of Ga,Ge, Mo,Ag, Cd,In, Sn,Sb, W,Tl and Bi in USGS Whole‐Rock Reference Materials by Standard Addition ICP‐MS

A procedure for determining a wide range of chalcophile and siderophile elements in typical crustal rocks using standard addition and ICP‐SFMS (inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry) is presented. New results for Ga, Ge, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, W, Tl and Bi abundances in USGS whole‐rock reference materials AGV‐2, BHVO‐1, BIR‐1, G‐2, GSP‐1 and W‐2 are reported using this analytical procedure. Intermediate precision of means based on multiple dissolved aliquots of each USGS reference material was 10% RSD or better for Ga, Ge, In and Sn in all, and similarly good for Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Bi in most reference materials. Poorer intermediate precision of Mo and W measurements in several reference materials is probably due to higher analytical blanks on these elements and powder heterogeneity due to a sulfide‐related nugget effect in the specific case of Mo in GSP‐1. Results for all elements fell within the range of available published data with the exception of Ag, which yielded systematically higher concentrations than found in the literature for five of the six reference materials, likely reflecting interference from unresolved polyatomic species.