Relation of pulsars to the remnants of supernova bursts

Based on a large volume of statistical data it is shown that the spatial distributions of radio pulsars in the galaxy with characteristic ages T ≤ 10 ⁶ years and T > 10⁶ years differ significantly. The overwhelming majority of the pulsars with T ≤ 10 ⁶ years lie within a narrow band of width 400 pc around the galactic plane. A large portion of the pulsars with T > 10⁶ years is concentrated outside this zone. In the case of younger pulsars, a larger fraction of them lies within the confines of the above mentioned zone. It is also shown that pulsars with T ≤ 10 ⁶ years and the remnants of supernova explosions have essentially the same spatial distribution. These facts support the existence of a relationship between pulsars and supernova remnants, as well as the acquisition of high spatial velocities by pulsars during their birth. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 103–110 (February 2006).     

脉冲星时间稳定度的估计方法

对表征频率稳定度的σy(τ)和σz(τ)方法进行了分析比较。以PSRB1 855 0 9计时观测得到的脉冲星时为例 ,用两种方法估计了其频率稳定度。计算结果和分析表明σz(τ)方法更适合于估计脉冲星时间的频率稳定度     

Measuring the proper motion of the pulsar Geminga using γ-ray data

We have measured the right ascension of Geminga at different epochs by comparing the absolute phases between the different γ-ray observations. These values show that the right-ascension component of the proper motion of Geminga is 0.226±0.03 arcsec per year, which is consistent with that of G″, the most probable optical counterpart, thus independently confirming the correspondence between G″ and Geminga.     

Pulsars in FIRST Observations

1 INTRODUCTION Pulsars receive a large kick velocity during the period of birth, so they move away from theirbirth place, where the center of supernova remnant is believed to be. Measuring the propermotions of pulsars can derive an independent estimate of their ages, which has a number ofastrophysical uses, for example, in the studies of the evolution of neutron star magnetic fieldand of pulsar emission beam. There are three methods of measuring proper motion: (1) traditional optical metho…     

胶东地区玲珑岩基隆升机制探讨

本文通过详细的野外构造观察,综合主干正断层运动学观测、擦痕应力场反演、岩体变形分析、岩脉与石英脉展布方位等多个方面,对胶东地区玲珑岩基的构造演化进行了有效地制约.研究结果表明,其为早白垩世的伸展穹窿构造,是NW—SE向区域性伸展的结果,并且北部的伸展与岩浆活动及金矿化作用要强于南部.在早白垩世强烈伸展与岩浆活动背景下,晚侏罗世侵位的玲珑岩基沿着倾向相背的两条大型脆性正断层(招平断裂带与焦家断裂带)以地垒构造形式发生隆升而最终出露地表,并非变质核杂岩型伸展构造.玲珑岩基在晚侏罗世侵位后并没有立即出露地表,而是在早白垩世区域伸展中才隆升与剥露,并伴随区内大规模金矿形成.玲珑伸展穹窿的厘定,一方面证实了区内早白垩世强烈岩浆活动是发生在NW—SE向伸展背景下,另一方面进一步验证了华北克拉通东部破坏的峰期出现在早白垩世.     

MESURE DE LA PERMÉABILITÉ DES SOLS EN PLACE: UN NOUVEL APPAREIL POUR LA MÉTHODE MUNTZ UNE EXTENSION DE LA MÉTHODE PORCHET AUX SOLS HÉTÉROGÈNES

ABSTRACT

The authors make a general survey of the methods of measuring soil permeability in the field, looking at them from the point of view of the hydrologist.

In the first part they describe new equipment built by the ORSTOM Centre in Lome, Togo, to apply the Muntz method of vertical infiltration under constant head, equipment using a double cylinder and semi-automatic regulation of the discharge.

In the second part, the authors make a mathematical analysis of the Porchet method of horizontal infiltration in a borehole full of water: they show that results may be interpreted even with heterogeneous (multi-layered) soils and that the calculations are simplified using a computer programme.

In conclusion they deal with some results of measurements obtained by the two methods, and examine their accuracy and their correlation with the physical and hydrodynamics characteristics of the soils.     

Regional runoff prediction through aggregation of first-order hydrological process knowledge: a case study

Abstract

The dominant processes concept was used to develop a regionally applicable rainfall—runoff model. The first-order runoff processes are identified through a combination of field investigations, physico-geographical analysis of the research area, the Alzette River basin in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, and discharge data series analysis. Lithology appeared to be the major source of discrepancy in hydrological behaviour over the total area. As a result, the hydrological behaviour of each lithological substratum was characterized and conceptualized into a parsimonious model structure. The runoff signals were calibrated against the hourly-recorded discharge series of eight sub-basins, with parameter sensitivity and correlation analysis outlining the need for minor corrections to the model structure. Validation against another set of 10 sub-basins showed good results for the regional parameter set, with an average loss in efficiency (R_eff) of 0.04, compared to the reference model, with a mean R_eff of 0.79. Due to an up-scaling effect, inducing variations in the dominance of particular runoff processes, some anomalies were found in the performance of individual runoff characteristics. In this respect, limiting the application of the model to a certain spatial scale gives a high reliability of the prediction of the dynamics of hourly runoff in ungauged basins within the study area.     

Intégration d'un filtre de Kalman dans le modèle hydrologique HBV pour la prévision des débits

Résumé

Un filtre de Kalman standard a été développé en vue de la mise à jour de certaines variables d'état de la fonction du sous-sol et de la sortie du modèle HBV. La version globale du modèle HBV, fonctionnant au pas de temps horaire, a été calée par essais et erreurs sur les bassins tunisiens des Oueds Barbara et Mellila. Le pas de temps journalier a été considéré pour évaluer la qualité de la reconstitution. Le modèle a été ensuite couplé avec le filtre en reformulant le modèle conceptuel en un système d'équations d'état dynamiques et en implémentant la procédure du filtre de Kalman. L'hydrogramme des débits horaires constitue la mesure introduite pour la correction des états. Malgré un choix suivant la littérature des erreurs sur les mesures et les états du système, ce filtre a permis de réduire nettement l'incertitude sur le débit engendré par le processus pluie—débit et la pluie d'entrée.     

Effects of temporal resolution on hydrological model parameters and its impact on prediction of river discharge / Effets de la résolution temporelle sur les paramètres d'un modèle hydrologique et impact sur la prévision de l'écoulement en rivière

Abstract

Temporal resolution of rainfall plays an important role in determining the hydrological response of river basins. Rainfall temporal variability can be considered as one of the most critical elements when dealing with input data of rainfall—runoff models. In this paper, a typical lumped rainfall—runoff model is applied to long- and short-term runoff prediction using rainfall data sets with different temporal resolution, including daily, hourly and 10-min interval data, and the dependency of model performance on the time interval of the rainfall data is discussed. Furthermore, the effect of temporal resolution on model parameter values is analysed. As results, rainfall data with shorter temporal resolution provide better performance in short-term river discharge estimation, especially for storm discharge estimation. The most accurate results are obtained on the peak discharge and recession part of the hydrograph by using 10-min interval rainfall data. It is concluded that model parameter values are influenced not only by the temporal resolution of calculation but also by the rainfall intensity—duration relationship. This study provides useful information about determination of hydrological model parameters using data of different temporal resolutions.