Some ideas concerning the problem of anomalous polar E region heating due to Farley-Buneman turbulence

The energetics of the excitation of the Farley-Buneman instability is considered, which is recently observed in the auroral and equatorial E regions of the Earth's ionosphere at altitudes between 100 km and 120 km. In the magnetic field of the Earth the Farley-Buneman instability is excited under the condition of a strong enough external electric field in the case of ion-neutral collisions with frequencies much larger than the ion gyrofrequency and electron-neutral collisions with frequencies much below the electron gyrofrequency. It is shown that the linear increase of the wave amplitudes is caused by a small disbalance between the processes of nonlinear energy pumping into the wave from an external electric field and the energy loss because of the collisions of the electrons and ions with the neutral particles. During the nonlinear energy pumping energy of the external electric field is transferred into a nonlinear current of second order, which is connected with the oscillating motion of the electrons in the wave. The oscillating electron motion takes place perpendicular to wave propagation. From the estimations follows that the energy pumped into a Farley-Buneman wave during one period of pulsation is much larger than the wave energy itself. A new and simply to understand derivation of the anomalous diffusion coefficient is presented, related to the study of the behaviour of a test wave with frequency much above the frequencies of the Farley-Buneman turbulence in developed stage can cause an additional macroscopic nonlinear Pedersen current directed along the external electric field. It is found that the nonlinear Pedersen current can reach the order of the usual Pedersen current and should contribute to the effective heating of the ionospheric plasma.     

非平衡磁控溅射双势阱静电波动及其共振耦合

非平衡磁控靶表面电场和磁场相互正交构成磁阱结构,磁控靶和与之平行的偏压基片之间形成了另一种势阱结构,等离子体静电波动在这两种势阱结构中形成耦合共振.采用Langmuir探针研究等离子体中参数和浮置电位信号的功率谱密度.典型放电条件下两种势阱结构中的本征频率分别约为30—50 kHz和10—20 kHz,两种势阱条件下根据声驻波共振模式计算的电子温度数值与实验结果相符合.     

空间尘埃等离子体中的重力波特性

建立尘埃等离子体中重力波的基本方程,推导尘埃等离子体中重力波的色散关系,分析地球极区中间层顶处尘埃等离子体层中的重力波特性,研究了重力波在电子密度垂直分层的尘埃等离子体中的反射. 结果表明尘埃等离子体改变了通常大气中的重力内波的色散关系,限制了小水平波数重力内波的传播,改变了波的能量特性,减小了重力波在不均匀大气中垂直向上传播时振幅的增长;在尘埃等离子体中传播时重力波可被电子密度垂直分层的结构反射而导致波能量的集中, 它产生的湍动所导致的空间电子密度的不均匀性分布是极区上空PMSEs的可能机制.     

极区顶部电离层离子上行-DMSP卫星观测

本文利用DMSP卫星离子漂移速度测量数据,对高纬顶部电离层离子整体上行进行研究,主要考察平静时和磁暴期间离子上行强度与发生率随MLT(晨昏两侧)分布规律的变化;以及磁暴期间强的离子上行与等离子体对流及其剪切之间的关系。研究发现,磁暴期间强上行事件的发生率比平静期高近2倍,发生率的晨昏不对称性出现逆转,由平静时昏侧发生率较大变为磁暴期间晨侧发生率较大;磁暴期间晨侧离子上行速度的分布向速度高端加权,平均速度大于昏侧,最大上行速度远大于昏侧;强的离子上行往往与强对流剪切或强对流本身相伴随。     

Proton cyclotron instability in the drifting magnetoplasma

A general expression for the tensor of the dielectrical susceptibility in an anisotropic plasma with particle drifts is derived, and the dispersion equation is found for waves propagating in arbitrary direction with respect to the mean magnetic field. The dispersion equation is solved for the case of electromagnetic ion‐cyclotron waves. It is found that in the plasma of the auroral magnetosphere strong plasma instability may occur so that the value of the growth rate of the waves is of the order of the wave frequency. Besides, the plasma instability is excited at less values of the wave number if the magnetospheric altitude becomes larger.     

Large-scale transport of plasma in the Earth's plasma sheet: comparative analysis for adiabatic and non-adiabatic cases

A system of multi-fluid MHD-equations is used to compare adiabatic and non-adiabatic transport of the energetic particles in the magnetospheric plasma sheet. A “slow-flow” approximation is considered to study large-scale transport of the anisotropic plasma consisting of energetic electrons and protons. Non-adiabatic transport of the energetic plasma is caused by scattering of the particles in the presence of both wave turbulence and arbitrary time-varying electric fields penetrating from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. The plasma components are devided into particle populations defined by their given initial effective values of the magnetic moment per particle. The spatial scales are also given to estimate the non-uniformity of the geomagnetic field along the chosen mean path of a particle. The latters are used to integrate approximately the system of MHD-equations along each of these paths. The behaviour of the magnetic moment mentioned above and of the parameter which characterizes the pitch-angle distribution of the particles are studied self-consistently in dependence on the intensity of non-adiabatic scattering of the particles. It is shown that, in the inner magnetosphere, this scattering influences the particles in the same manner as pitch-angle diffusion does. It reduces the pitch-angle anisotropy in the plasa. The state of the plasma may be unstable in the current sheet of the magnetotail. If the initial state of the plasma does not correspond to the equilibrium one, then, in this case, scattering influences the particles so as to remove the plasma further from the equilibrium state. The coefficient of the particle diffusion across the geomagnetic field lines is evaluated. This is done by employing the Langevin approach to take the stochastic electric forces acting on the energetic particles in the turbulent plasma into account. The behaviour of the energy density of electrostatic fluctuations in the magnetosphere is estimated.     

急性热应激对大菱鲆血液生化指标的影响

为探讨大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)大规格幼鱼热耐受性和热应激过程中敏感指标的变化,本研究设定18℃、21℃、24℃和27℃4个温度梯度,采用1℃/h的升温速率,对驯化温度为18±1℃的苗种进行96 h急性胁迫实验,统计各温度组96 h成活率和测定血浆部分生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,在pH 7.85、盐度29.5和溶解氧高于6.5 mg/L的环境条件下,平均体质量183.65±15.99 g的大菱鲆幼鱼96h高起始致死温度(UILT50)为28.05℃;温度和胁迫时间对血浆肾上腺素(EPI)、皮质醇(Cortisol)、血糖(GLU)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量/活性都存在显著影响,除GSH外,温度和胁迫时间存在显著的交互影响作用;热应激组血浆EPI含量随胁迫时间延长呈逐渐上升趋势,同一胁迫时间以21℃组含量最高;热应激组Cortisol含量的响应时间随温度升高相应提前、随胁迫时间呈先升后降的趋势,均在48 h达最高值; 24℃和27℃组GLU含量随胁迫时间呈先升后降趋势,胁迫3h～6h即达最高值,上升幅度与温度正相关,21℃组则呈逐渐升高的趋势;热应激组GSH含量和SOD活性仅在胁迫初期(0 h～3 h)与对照组存在显著差异;热应激组AKP活性处理12 h显著低于对照组, 48 h后则显著高于对照组,且升高幅度与温度呈正相关。     

花岗岩风化壳中稀土纳米微粒的提取、表征及赋存状态研究

研究风化壳中纳米微粒的稀土元素特征,对于从微观层面揭示我国华南风化壳型稀土矿床成因具有重要意义。以广西平南富稀土花岗岩风化壳剖面(ΣREE_max含量1 201 ×10^-6)为典型案例,采用物理方法(超纯水,MQW)和化学方法(Na₄P₂O₇, TSPP)两种技术手段,提取了花岗岩风化产物中的纳米微粒(1~100 nm)。进而采用中空纤维流场流分离-电感耦合等离子质谱仪联用技术(HF5-ICP-MS),对纳米微粒进行了连续分离和表征,同步获得了不同粒径纳米微粒中REE的含量特征。结果指示,化学提取剂TSPP能有效打破花岗岩风化产物中的大颗粒团聚体,它对纳米微粒的提取效率比物理提取方法高10²~10³倍。在TSPP提取的纳米微粒悬浮液中,REE含量(ΣREE_TSPP含量)最高可占到风化产物全岩REE总量(ΣREE含量)的80.5 %。纳米微粒主要分布于2~5 nm和10~30 nm两个粒径区间,另有少量粒径为30~80 nm的纳米微粒出现。其中,在2~5 nm微粒中,REE峰位与有机质大分子峰位对应,指示二者在离子键合作用下形成了聚合体。而在10~30 nm微粒中,REE峰位与Al元素峰位相对应,指示REE被黏土矿物纳米微粒吸附或离子交换。此外,本研究还发现轻稀土(LREE)与重稀土(HREE)在纳米微粒中的分布并不一致。其中以La、Ce、Pr和Nd为代表的LREE元素集中出现在2~5 nm和10~30 nm的纳米微粒中,而以Tb和Lu为代表的HREE元素除了在上述两个粒径的纳米微粒中有含量显示外,还分布于30~80 nm的纳米微粒中,指示了花岗岩风化产物中可能存在着相对独立的、与有机质和黏土矿物无直接关联的重稀土纳米微粒矿物。上述发现为进一步认识风化壳型稀土矿床中稀土元素的赋存状态和富集分异过程提供了新的启示。     

水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

研究不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的调节作用,以探讨其结构与功能的关系。本研究对低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖和低分子量羧甲基甲壳素进行化学表征和分子量测定。通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立大鼠糖尿病模型,并随机分为糖尿病治疗组和模型组。治疗组大鼠每日按180 mg/kg体质量分别灌胃低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基甲壳素,模型组按体质量灌胃相同体积的蒸馏水,连续灌胃45 d,于末次灌胃后测定大鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量、肝肌糖原含量,大鼠胰腺做病理组织切片观察。结果表明,不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的分子量在10 000~25 000 Da间,低分子量壳聚糖乙酰基取代度为52.71%,低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖的乙酰基取代度为7.50%、羧基取代度为98.16%,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素的乙酰基取代度为89.96%、羧基取代度为98.65%;三者均可显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖水平,改善糖耐量,提高肝肌糖原含量。其中,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素组效果最好,低分子量壳聚糖效果次之,推测水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的乙酰基可能在糖尿病大鼠血糖调节中发挥重要作用。     

微波消解-电感藕合等离子体质谱法测定钢铁中砷、铅、锑、锡、铜

以稍酸、盐酸、氢氟酸及王水作为溶剂,采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体方法对钢铁中的砷、铅、锑、锡、铜等微量元素进行测量的方法.实验考查了不同消解酸、温度计时间对对消解效果产生的影响.结果发现在压强为1.52MPa,温度为200℃下,使用3mL盐酸、1mL硝酸及1mL氢氟酸组成的混合液,可以将钢中的As、Pb、Sb、Sn、...