X-ray emission from planetary nebulae calculated by 1D spherical numerical simulations

We calculate the X-ray emission from both constant and time-evolving shocked fast winds blown by the central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe) and compare our calculations with observations. Using spherically symmetric numerical simulations with radiative cooling, we calculate the flow structure and the X-ray temperature and luminosity of the hot bubble formed by the shocked fast wind. We find that a constant fast wind gives results that are very close to those obtained from the self-similar solution. We show that in order for a fast shocked wind to explain the observed X-ray properties of PNe, rapid evolution of the wind is essential. More specifically, the mass-loss rate of the fast wind should be high early on when the speed is  ∼300–700 km s⁻¹  , and then it needs to drop drastically by the time the PN age reaches ∼1000 yr. This implies that the central star has a very short pre-PN (post-asymptotic giant branch) phase.     

Final tidal evolution of orbit-orbit resonances

In this paper we describe a model for the tidal evolution of an orbit-orbit resonance between two satellites of the same planet. We let the system evolve till infinity or until the resonance is destroyed. We find that there are asymptotic values for the eccentricities and inclinations. We list the possible final stages that a resonance can achieve, we give a few examples, and finally we discuss the limitations of the model and its possible applications to real systems.     

适用于关阀分析算法的供水管网单元-阀门图模型

关阀分析在供水管网施工中用来快速确定最佳的关阀停水方案,对于供水安全具有重要意义。在管网传统结点-A立图模型的基础上,提出了优化实体数量并简洁表达拓扑结构的单元一阀门图模型。该模型是结点A立图的一种伪对偶图,它将管网内被阀门区隔形成的封闭连通区域归为顶点,将分隔两个区域的阀门作为边。设计了关断单元生成算法,从而实现单元一阀门图的构建,并提出基于该模型的高效供水管网关阀分析算法。实验表明,与基于结点-A立图的传统算法相比较,结合单元一阀门图模型的新算法能够大幅度提高关阀分析效率,并且可以在多施工点情况下得出正确的关阀方案。     

Spatial distribution of upstream magnetospheric ≥50 keV ions

We present for the first time a statistical study of 50 keV ion events of a magnetospheric origin upstream from Earths bow shock. The statistical analysis of the 50–220 keV ion events observed by the IMP-8 spacecraft shows: (1) a dawn-dusk asymmetry in ion distributions, with most events and lower intensities upstream from the quasi-parallel pre-dawn side (4 LT-6 LT) of the bow shock, (2) highest ion fluxes upstream from the nose/dusk side of the bow shock under an almost radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration, and (3) a positive correlation of the ion intensities with the solar wind speed and the index of geomagnetic index Kp, with an average solar wind speed as high as 620 km s^–1 and values of the index Kp 2. The statistical results are consistent with (1) preferential leakage of 50 keV magnetospheric ions from the dusk magnetopause, (2) nearly scatter free motion of 50 keV ions within the magnetosheath, and (3) final escape of magnetospheric ions from the quasi-parallel dawn side of the bow shock. An additional statistical analysis of higher energy (290–500 keV) upstream ion events also shows a dawn-dusk asymmetry in the occurrence frequency of these events, with the occurrence frequency ranging between 16%-34% in the upstream region.     

全边界层选用相似理论对O3、NOx浓度及沉降的影响

将广泛应用于东亚地区的LLA(Lurmann Lloyd Atkinson)化学机制耦合到欧拉型区域空气质量模式(RAQM),并考虑区域污染物长期模拟研究中降水随时间变化的非均匀性,讨论了湍流参数化过程中相似理论在近地层和全边界层的应用对湍流垂直扩散系数(Kz)与干沉降速度(V),O3与NOx浓度的影响。结果表明,全边界层应用相似理论明显低估了Kz值,近地层50m处Kz值被低估20%以上,750m处其值被低估约70%;O3、NOx的干沉降速度在日本东部与南部海域被低估了10%以上,在朝鲜半岛东部和西部海域模拟值普遍偏高。Kz和干沉降速度的不同直接影响污染物的浓度和沉降量分布。Kz值的被低估对NOx浓度有明显影响,在近地层50m处NOx浓度最大可增加约30%,整个边界层中NOx平均浓度除台湾省东北海域外普遍增加5%~20%。O3浓度则受干沉降作用的影响较大。虽然近地层、全边界层分别应用相似理论都较好地模拟了O3与NOx峰值浓度出现的时间,但相似理论应用于全边界层会引起较大的误差。即使是大区域、长期空气质量模拟研究,也建议相似理论仅应用于近地层,且模式第一层高度应设置在常通量层内。     

A Review of: “Applications of Spatial Data Structures: Computer Graphics,Image Processing,and GIS”. By H. SAMET. (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Inc, 1989.) [Pp. xv + 507; figures,tables, appendix,references, name and credit index,subject index.] Price US $49.95. ISBN 020150300 X (hardback).

The introduction of automated generalisation procedures in map production systems requires that generalisation systems are capable of processing large amounts of map data in acceptable time and that cartographic quality is similar to traditional map products. With respect to these requirements, we examine two complementary approaches that should improve generalisation systems currently in use by national topographic mapping agencies. Our focus is particularly on self‐evaluating systems, taking as an example those systems that build on the multi‐agent paradigm. The first approach aims to improve the cartographic quality by utilising cartographic expert knowledge relating to spatial context. More specifically, we introduce expert rules for the selection of generalisation operations based on a classification of buildings into five urban structure types, including inner city, urban, suburban, rural, and industrial and commercial areas. The second approach aims to utilise machine learning techniques to extract heuristics that allow us to reduce the search space and hence the time in which a good cartographical solution is reached. Both approaches are tested individually and in combination for the generalisation of buildings from map scale 1:5000 to the target map scale of 1:25 000. Our experiments show improvements in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. We provide evidence that both approaches complement each other and that a combination of expert and machine learnt rules give better results than the individual approaches. Both approaches are sufficiently general to be applicable to other forms of self‐evaluating, constraint‐based systems than multi‐agent systems, and to other feature classes than buildings. Problems have been identified resulting from difficulties to formalise cartographic quality by means of constraints for the control of the generalisation process.     

Equilibrium Structures of Rotationally and Tidally Distorted Polytropic Models of Stars

We propose suitable modifications in the concept of Roche equipotentials to account for the effect of mass distribution inside a star. The Kippenhahn and Thomas (1970) approach is used to incorporate the effects of rotational and tidal forces in the equations of stellar structure. The proposed method is applied to compute structures of certain rotationally and tidally distorted polytropic models.     

Strategy for Applying Neutrino Geophysics to the Earth Sciences Including Planetary Habitability

Antineutrino data constrain the concentrations of the heat producing elements U and Th as well as potentially the concentration of K. Interpretation is similar to but not homologous with gravity. Current geoneutrino physics efficiently asks simple questions taking advantage of what is already known about the Earth. A few measurements with some sites in the ocean basins will constrain the concentration of U and Th in the crust and mantle and whether the mantle is laterally heterogeneous. These results will allow Earth science arguments about the formation, chemistry, and dynamics of the Earth to be turned around and appraised. In particular, they will tell whether the Earth accreted its expected share of these elements from the solar nebula and how long radioactive heat will sustain active geological processes on the Earth. Both aspects are essential to evaluating the Earth as a common or rare habitable planet.