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101.
2016年5月15日清晨河西走廊东部发生区域性强霜冻天气,对农林业生产造成了2004年以来最为严重的灾害。本文利用实时MICAPS常规观测资料、物理量场和河西走廊东部区域内6个国家自动气象观测站和93个区域气象站观测资料,对这次冻害天气过程的天气学成因进行分析,在此基础上分析了霜冻对农业的影响。结果表明强冷空气爆发是造成冻害的直接原因;0 cm地面温度和气温≤0 ℃持续时间长,导致农林作物深度冻伤;前期气温偏高使得农林作物发育期提前,加之霜冻出现时间偏迟,农林作物抵抗冻害的能力明显下降,冻害影响加重;冻害发生后,温度急剧上升、湿度迅速减小,作物水分强烈蒸腾,作物细胞失去受损,导致受灾程度加重。 相似文献
102.
滇西三江地区中生代盆—山动力学耦合初论 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
盆地和相邻造山带在动力学机制上的耦合关系是当前大陆动力学研究的热点,滇西三江地区中—新生代盆山格局是开展这一研究的典型实例。晚三叠世思茅盆地从前陆盆地向裂谷盆地的转换过程,与造山带演化的主碰撞阶段和后碰撞阶段相关,是研究的切入点。通过分析研究区中—新生代盆—山耦合过程及其沉积响应、地球物理和岩浆岩地球化学特征来探讨其深部动力学过程的一致性和连续性。研究表明三江地区中—新生代盆山演化经历了"盆转山"(T1—T2)、"山控盆"(T3—E1)以及盆—山共变(E2—Q)三个阶段;思茅陆相断陷湖盆通过盆地内沉积相迁移、层序建造、基底变形,尤其是沉积旋回来响应深部动力学过程;岩石圈速度结构剖面揭示出思茅盆地的下地壳和岩石圈地幔P波速度增大,莫霍面加深;结合思茅盆地两侧中生代岩浆岩活动期次和地球化学特征,底侵作用、拆沉作用和俯冲板片断离作用可能是盆山动力学耦合的深部作用模式。 相似文献
103.
104.
105.
N. Kosheleva E. Karabanov A. Kositskiy D. Williams S. Armstrong 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):118
A channel account approach is proposed to estimate longitudinal changes in runoff along large river systems. This new method provides a quantitative basis for describing the fluvial transport of suspended particulate material and dissolved substances. This method includes an evaluation of basic elements of water balance in separate sections of the river network and subsequent correction of channel accounting equations for the entire system using a maximum likelihood principle. To calculate water discharges of tributaries that have no hydrological information, structural analysis of river network is performed. This approach provides less error in comparison with traditional methods of estimating lateral inflow. The method is used to trace water discharge with increasing distance along the Lena river basin and to evaluate the contribution of geologically and lithologically uneven sub-basins in water discharge formation during a summer low water period. 相似文献
106.
A shakemap system providing rapid estimates of strong ground shaking could be useful for emergency response providers in a
damaging earthquake. A hybrid procedure, which combines site-dependent ground motion prediction models and the limited observations
of the Real-Time Digital stream output system (RTD system operated by Central Weather Bureau, CWB), was set up to provide
a high-resolution shakemap in a near-real-time manner after damaging earthquakes in Taiwan. One of the main factors that affect
the result of ground motion prediction analysis is the existence of site effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate
the local site effects and their influence in the ground shaking and then establish an early estimation procedure of potential
hazard for damaging earthquakes. Based on the attenuation law, the site effects of each TSMIP station are discussed in terms
of a bias function that is site and intensity-level dependent function. The standard deviation of the site-dependent ground
motion prediction model can be significantly reduced. The nonlinear behavior of ground soil is automatically taken into account
in the intensity-level dependent bias function. Both the PGA and the spectral acceleration are studied in this study. Based
on the RTD data, event correctors are calculated and applied to precisely estimate the shakemap of damaging earthquakes for
emergency response. 相似文献
107.
Analysis of the weightiness of site effects on reinforced concrete (RC) building seismic behaviour: The Adra town example (SE Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Manuel Navarro Francisco Vidal Takahisa Enomoto Francisco J. Alcalá Antonio García‐Jerez Francisco J. Sánchez Norio Abeki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(10):1363-1383
The damage distribution in Adra town (south‐eastern Spain) during the 1993 and 1994 Adra earthquakes (5.0 magnitude), that reached a maximum intensity degree of VII (European Macroseismic Scale (EMS scale)), was concentrated mainly in the south‐east zone of the town and the most relevant damage occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with four or five storeys. In order to evaluate the influence of ground condition on RC building behaviour, geological, geomorphological and geophysical surveys were carried out, and a detailed map of ground surface structure was obtained. Short‐period microtremor observations were performed in 160 sites on a 100m × 100m dimension grid and Nakamura's method was applied in order to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. Shorter predominant periods (0.1–0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones and larger periods (greater than 0.5 s) in thicker Holocene alluvial fans. A relationship T = (0.049 ± 0.001)N, where T is the natural period of swaying motion and N is the number of storeys, has been empirically obtained by using microtremor measurements at the top of 38 RC buildings (ranging from 2 to 9 storeys). 1‐D simulation of strong motion on different soil conditions and for several typical RC buildings were computed, using the acceleration record in Adra town of the 1993 earthquake. It is noteworthy that all the aforementioned results show the influence of site effects in the degree and distribution of observed building damage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
The paper focuses on the seismic response of walls in dual (frame + wall) structures, with particular emphasis on shear behaviour.
Although dual structures are widely used in earthquake-resistant medium-rise and high-rise buildings, the provisions of modern
seismic codes regarding design of walls for shear are not fully satisfactory, particularly in the (common) case that walls
of substantially different length form part of the same structure. Relevant provisions of the leading seismic codes are first
summarised and their limitations discussed. Then an extensive parametric study is presented, involving two multistorey dual
systems, one with identical walls, and one with walls with unequal length, designed to the provisions of Eurocode 8 for two
different ductility classes (H and M). The walls of the same structures are also designed to other methods such as those used
in New Zealand and Greece. The resulting different designs are then assessed by subjecting the structures to a suite of strong
ground motions, carrying out inelastic time history analysis, and comparing the results against design action effects. It
is found that although modern code procedures generally lead to satisfactory performance (differences among them do exist),
the design of walls seems to be less appropriate in the case of unequal length walls. For this case a modified procedure is
proposed, consisting of an additional factor to account for the relative contribution of walls of the same length to the total
base and an improved envelope of wall shears along the height; this improved method seems to work better than the other procedures
evaluated herein, but further calibration is clearly required. 相似文献
109.
A non-linear three-dimensional unstructured grid model of the M2 tide in the shelf edge area off the west coast of Scotland is used to examine the spatial distribution of the M2 internal tide and its higher harmonics in the region. In addition, the spatial variability of the tidally induced turbulent
kinetic energy and associated mixing in the area are considered. Initial calculations involve only tidal forcing, although
subsequent calculations are performed with up-welling and down-welling favourable winds to examine how these influence the
tidal distribution (particularly the higher harmonics) and mixing in the region. Both short- and long-duration winds are used
in these calculations. Tidal calculations show that there is significant small-scale spatial variability particularly in the
higher harmonics of the internal tide in the region. In addition, turbulence energy and mixing exhibit appreciable spatial
variability in regions of rapidly changing topography, with increased mixing occurring above seamounts. Wind effects significantly
change the distribution of the M2 internal tide and its higher harmonics, with appreciable differences found between up- and down-welling winds and long- and
short-duration winds because of differences in mixing and the presence of wind-induced flows. The implications for model validation,
particularly in terms of energy transfer to higher harmonics, and mixing are briefly discussed. 相似文献
110.
Antoine Mocquet 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(4):381-403
The October 21, 1766 earthquake is the most widely felt event in the seismic history of Trinidad and Venezuela. Previous works
diverged on the interpretation of the historical data available for this event. They associated the earthquake either with
the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, with strike-slip motion along El Pilar fault, or with intraplate deformation at the edge
of Guyana shield. Isoseismal areas are proposed after a new search and analysis of primary and secondary sources of historical
information. Two of the largest earthquakes of the twentieth century which occurred in the region, the 1968 (M
S 6.4, h = 103 km), and the 1997 (M
W 6.9, h = 25 km) events, for which both intensity data and instrumentally determined source parameters are available, are used to
calibrate the isoseismal areas and to interpret them in terms of source depth and magnitude. It is concluded that the large
extent of intensity values higher than V is diagnostic of the depth (85 ± 20 km) of the 1766 source, and of local amplifications
of ground motion due to soft soil conditions and to strong contrasts of impedance at the edge of Guyana shield. It is proposed
that the event occurred either in slab, or close to the bottom lithospheric interface between the Caribbean and South American
plates (∼11°N; ∼62.5°W). The value of the magnitude is estimated at 6.5 < M
S < 7.5 depending on the source depth and on the decay of ground motion as a function of distance. Deep and intermediate depth
earthquakes can induce important casualties in Trinidad, Venezuela, and Guyana, possibly more damaging than those induced
by shallower earthquakes along the strike of El Pilar Fault. 相似文献