华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1982-2011年夏季（5-8月）中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA逐日向外长波辐射和海表温度资料集,通过选取低频降水事件的方法,分析了华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水事件的基本特征,然后利用位相合成法对持续性强降水期间伴随的低频大气环流型以及低频信号的来源和传播情况进行研究,同时也分析了低频海-气耦合过程对持续性强降水的影响。结果表明：（1）华南夏季降水具有显著的12-30 d低频振荡特征,持续性强降水事件在6月发生次数最多,低频降水期间的雨带自东南向西北传播。（2）在持续性强降水发生期间,华南及邻近海域低层受强大的低频气旋式环流控制,低频上升运动显著,而中国南海-菲律宾海一带则是强的低频反气旋式环流,其西侧向北的低频水汽输送不断将中国南海的水汽送至华南及邻近海域进行辐合上升。低层的低频信号来源于热带西太平洋和中国南海-菲律宾海一带低频振荡的西北向传播,同时伴随着西太平洋副热带高压明显的西伸东退过程。（3）在高层,华南北侧（22°-45°N,95°-130°E）区域强大的低频气旋式环流和孟加拉湾-中国南海一带的低频反气旋式环流相互配合,使华南高层处于强大的辐散环境中,从而加强了华南低层的辐合与低频上升运动,造成持续性强降水的增强。高层的低频信号来源于低频罗斯贝波列的东南向传播。（4）低频大气环流异常通过云辐射和热通量过程改变低频海表温度异常,而由大气强迫的低频海表温度异常通过影响低层大气的稳定性来对大气施加明显的反馈作用,该海-气耦合过程有利于大气低层低频信号向华南地区传播,从而影响了华南持续性强降水的发生、发展与结束。     

Atmospheric Circulation and Dynamic Mechanism for Persistent Haze Events in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

In this study, regional persistent haze events(RPHEs) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) region were identified based on the Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events for the period 1980–2013. The formation mechanisms of the severe RPHEs were investigated with focus on the atmospheric circulation and dynamic mechanisms. Results indicated that:(1) 49 RPHEs occurred during the past 34 years.(2) The severe RPHEs could be categorized into two types according to the large-scale circulation, i.e. the zonal westerly airflow(ZWA) type and the high-pressure ridge(HPR) type. When the ZWA-type RPHEs occurred, the BTH region was controlled by near zonal westerly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere.Southwesterly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere, and near-surface wind speeds were only 1–2 ms~(-1). Warm and humid air originating from the northwestern Pacific was transported into the region, where the relative humidity was 70% to 80%, creating favorable moisture conditions. When the HPR-type RPHEs appeared, northwesterly airflow in the mid–upper troposphere controlled the region. Westerly winds prevailed in the lower troposphere and the moisture conditions were relatively weak.(3) Descending motion in the mid-lower troposphere caused by the above two circulation types provided a crucial dynamic mechanism for the formation of the two types of RPHEs. The descending motion contributed to a reduction in the height of the planetary boundary layer(PBL), which generated an inversion in the lower troposphere. This inversion trapped the abundant pollution and moisture in the lower PBL, leading to high concentrations of pollutants.     

隔震与非隔震支座对混凝土箱梁桥地震易损性的影响

为评估隔震和非隔震支座对桥梁地震易损性的影响,以一座3跨连续混凝土箱梁桥为分析对象,首先建立采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座与非隔震型盆式橡胶支座下桥梁的数值模型,求得不同程度地震作用下墩顶与支座的最大位移响应;再定义转角延性比损伤指标,结合支座剪应变,分析桥墩和支座的地震易损性情况;最后通过宽界限法建立全桥地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明,支座是较容易发生损坏的构件,而桥梁系统比桥墩或支座更易发生破坏,同时铅芯橡胶支座的破坏概率明显低于非隔震型盆式支座,可见采用隔震支座能有效减小桥墩墩顶在地震作用下的最大位移,此时桥墩地震易损性优于采用非隔震支座的情况。     

改进的PS探测方法及其应用

提出一种改进的永久散射体PS(Persistent Scatterer)探测方法,首先基于时序SAR影像的振幅信息,利用振幅和振幅离差指数双阈值法获取PS候选点,然后根据干涉相位空间相关性,对所有候选点进行相位稳定性分析,筛选出既满足雷达反射强度高、又符合散射稳定性要求的真实PS点,最后基于所选PS点提取形变信息。选取上海市局部区域作为实验区,以16幅TerraSAR-X(TSX)影像为数据源,进行PS探测和形变信息提取。结果表明,相比于已有的PS探测方法,本文方法能够更准确、可靠地识别出时序SAR影像中的PS点。形变结果显示,研究区域内最大沉降速率为-51mm/a,平均沉降速率为-15.8mm/a,以水准实测数据进行检核,验证了基于改进的PS探测方法进行地表形变信息提取结果的可靠性。     

PSI技术在地表形变监测中的应用研究

基于时序SAR影像准确识别PS是永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉(PSI)技术建模及形变信息提取中最为关键的问题之一。本文提出了一种改进的PS探测算法,它是基于时序SAR影像的振幅信息,利用振幅和振幅离差指数双阈值法获取PS候选点,对所有候选点进行相位稳定性分析,筛选出既满足雷达反射强度高、又符合散射稳定性要求的真实PS点,并基于所选PS点提取形变信息。实验结果表明,相比于已有PS探测方法,本文所提出的方法能够更准确、可靠地识别出时序SAR影像中的PS目标,进而提高了PSI形变探测结果的精度和可靠性。     

Interstellar dust in the solar system

Dust is an important component of galactic stucture and the cyclic processing of particulate matter leads to stellar and planetary formation. Though astronomical methods using analysis of dust-penetrating starlight can provide some limited information about the dust, the prospect of its in-situ sampling within the Solar System by spacecraft and its remote sensing by ground-based techniques open up a new field in galactic exploration.     

A Fine Structure of the Perseid Meteoroid Stream

A fine structure of the Perseid stream in the range of photographic magnitudes is studied using the method of indices. A new completed 2003 version of the IAU Meteor Data Center Catalogue of 4581 photographic orbits is used. The method of indices is used to acquire a basic data set for the Perseids. Subsequently, the method is applied on the chosen Perseids to study their structure. Sixty four percent of chosen Perseids taken into account are attached to one of the 17 determined filaments of orbits. The filaments are not distributed in the space accidentally, but they form a higher structure consisting of at least four well-defined and distinguished “branches”.     

Slow Diffusion and Effective Stability of Dust Particles Orbiting Asteroids

This paper presents quantitative estimates of orbital lifetimes for small dust particles in the vicinity of a spherical asteroid orbiting the Sun on a circular orbit. In particular, the modeling accounts for gravitational interactions with the asteroid and the Sun and radiation pressure from the Sun. The analysis focuses on slow drift of particles in a state-space neighborhood of weakly unstable periodic orbits corresponding to the most tightly bound orbits about the asteroid. Through a Hamiltonian normal-form computation, Nekhoroshev-type estimates are derived that yield regions in state space of effective stability, that is, regions in which the grains would remain over significant periods of time in the absence of other depletion and replenishment mechanisms.     

太阳质量损失对流星群轨道改变的长期影响

将作者在变质量天体力学所得理论结果应用于太阳质量损失对流星群轨道根数变化的长期效应上。太阳质量损失包括光子辐射和太阳风造成的质量损失。利用G—M型变质量天体轨道根数变化方程的一阶和二阶解对15个流星群轨道半长轴、近日点距离、轨道周期和近日点经度因太阳质量损失造成的每世纪的长期改变效应做了数值计算,并得出计算结果。其计算结果表明,太阳质量损失使流星群轨道半长轴每世纪的改变效应较明显,它们同太阳距离的扩大影响值得关注,但对轨道周期的拉长每世纪的影响甚小,对近日点经度只有量级变化小到可以略而不计。     

OPTICAL PREDICTIONS FOR HIGH GEOCENTRIC VELOCITY METEORS

In this study we numerically modelled the atmospheric ablation and luminosity of cometary structure meteoroids with geocentric velocities from 71 to 200 km/s. We considered meteoroid masses ranging from 10⁻¹³ to 10⁻⁶ kg. Expected heights of ablation and maximum luminosity absolute magnitudes are determined. Height and trail length values are used to calculate the angle traversed in a single video frame. It is found that for pre-atmospheric meteoroid masses of greater than 10⁻⁸ kg, high geocentric velocity meteors should be detectable with current electro-optical technology if properly optimised.